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Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind > Learning theories of Addiction > Flashcards

Learning theories of Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are habits?

A
  • Mechanisms that don’t require conscious

- Impulse to engage in habits is stronger than desire to restrain

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2
Q

How are habitual behavioural patterns developed?

A

-Developed independently of conscious evaluation of pros and cons

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3
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • The punishment or reward following you doing something

- Learning by consequences

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4
Q

What are the two factors behind operant conditioning?

A
  • Positive reinforcement

- Negative reinforcement

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5
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A
  • Increases probability of a behaviour occurring by presentation of reward
  • Behaviour (take drug): Reward (get high)
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6
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A
  • Increases probability of a behavior by removing discomfort

- Stimulus (withdrawal, depression): Response (take drug)

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7
Q

When does the most effective reinforcement occur?

A

-After a behaviour

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8
Q

What type of drugs are most addictive and why is this the case?

A
  • Intravenous drugs
  • Smoking or Heroin
  • Almost instant effects
  • Reward is felt immediately
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9
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A
  • reinforcement does not occur every time

- ratio or schedule of reinforcement

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10
Q

How do animals utilise reinforcement?

A

-Learn avoid and escape comfort

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11
Q

What are cues aka?

A
  • Discriminative stimuli

- Tie in well with classical conditioning

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12
Q

What is the strength of learning determined by?

A
  • Nature of the reinforcer
  • The schedule of reinforcement
  • For how long the schedule is in place
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13
Q

What chemical and pathway underpins this reinforcement of learning?

A

-Dopamine in the meso-limbic pathway

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14
Q

Which areas of brain release dopamine?

A

-VTA and NA

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15
Q

Is dopamine release the same for all scenarios?

A
  • No
  • Brain titrates the release of dopamine depending on situation
  • Hence why you feel happier for certain stimuli over others

fav sandwhich vs winning lottery

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16
Q

What are the three components of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway?

A
  • ventral midbrain
  • via medial forebrain bundle
  • to limbic region
17
Q

What is role of limbic system and what are the components?

A
  • emotional responses

- forebrain (amygdala, NA, striatum)

18
Q

What effect do dependence based drugs have on dopamine release?

A

-increase dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

19
Q

What is cocaine and what does this mean?

A
  • dopamine reuptake inhibitor
  • prevents reuptake of dopamine
  • so synaptic conc stays high
  • extended highs
20
Q

What type of transmitter is dopamine?

A

-monoamine

21
Q

Summary drug dependence model

A

Experimentation

Positive reinforcement

Repeated use

Tolerance

Withdrawal

Drug Seeking (Negative Reinforcement)

Drug Dependence

22
Q

What is tolerance?

A
  • Idea that if you take same amount of drug consistently, your body reacts less over period of time
  • increased threshold of reward
  • requires more of drug to reach same level of pleasure
  • Compensatory mechanism to maintain homeostasis
23
Q

Describe brief process of classical conditioning

A
  • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) elicits an Unconditioned Response (UCR)
  • Neutral stimulus (NS) found that doesn’t elicit UCR
  • Neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with UCS
  • Neutral stimulus becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) that can elicit the Conditioned Response (CR)
24
Q

Example of classical conditioning

A
  • provide food (UCS), trigger salivating (UCR)
  • play sound such as bell (NS)
  • Food and bell paired together (NS and UCS)
  • Leads to response where dog known food is there when they hear bell (CS leads to CR)
25
Q

2nd clinical setting example of classical conditioning

A
  • cancer diagnosis
  • referred to nutritionist
  • alternative food plan
  • because chemo treatment is nauseous, can be unintentionally paired with normal meal plan
  • eat same food can induce nausea even after chemo ends
26
Q

What conditions in drug dependency leads to conditioning?

A
  • Injecting equipment
  • Location/Environment
  • Cook-up ritual
  • Psychological state
  • Physical State
27
Q

What can conditioned response be like?

A

-drug like or drug-opposite depending on the circumstances and the drug

28
Q

What are two examples of drug-opposite conditioned responses?

A
  • Conditioned withdrawal

- Conditioned tolerance

29
Q

What is conditioned tolerance?

A
  • effects of environment on tolerance

- levels of tolerance is dependent on environment

30
Q

What is conditioned withdrawal?

A

-any conditions that occur during withdrawal

31
Q

What are two examples of drug-liked conditioned euphoria?

A 
-Conditioned euphoria (‘needle freak’ phenomenon)
Placebo effects (under certain circumstances)
32
Q

What is conditioned euphoria?

A

-show euphoria on presentation of drug or before they inject drug

33
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms?

A

-compensatory reactions that oppose the primary effects of the drug
-Drug opposite CR can mimic withdrawal symptoms
If occur before drug they will reduce the drug effect (form of tolerance)
-These reactions can produce relapse in abstinent people, and contribute to tolerance in drug users

34
Q

Drug opposite conditioned responses: conditioned withdrawal

A 
UCS				-->		UCR
Opioid metabolised	--		Rebound activity
Receptors evacuated	--		  (adrenergic etc)
							       Withdrawal
							  (signs & symptoms)

CS –> CR
Environment – Mild Withdrawal
Drug equipment –

35
Q

Drug opposite conditioned response: conditioned tolerance

A

UCS –> UCR
Injection Homeostatic response
Drug effects counter to drug effect

CS –> CR
Cues that signal Same as above, but in
drug is about to appear the absence of the drug is perceived as drug like effects.

36
Q

Why is risk of OD higher in novel environment greater?

A
  • drug tolerance conditioned to cues in normal environment

- in novel environments won’t have the same degree of tolerance

Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind (32 decks)

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