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Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind > Anxiety > Flashcards

Anxiety Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anxiety?

A

-Anxiety is a feeling of unease, worry or fear. We all feel anxious at times, but anxiety may be a mental health problem if your feelings are very strong or last a long time.

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2
Q

What is one form of anxiety?

A

-Phobias

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3
Q

Can anxiety be healthy?

A
  • When being put into threatening situations
  • Survival mechanisms
  • Increases heart rate, blood rate increases
  • Primes body for fight or flight
  • Pupils dilate
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4
Q

What is yerkes-dobson curve?

A

-Shows relationship between stress and productivity

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5
Q

What are the different types of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Pain disorder
  • OCD
  • Acute stress Disorder - receives. bad news
  • PTSD - war veterans
  • Social phobia - fear being around people
  • simple phobia- fear of clowns and dogs
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6
Q

What is generalised anxiety disorder?

A
  • Free-floating anxiety

- anything can trigger anxiety

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7
Q

What is anxiety often seen inconjunction with?

A
  • Depression

- Schizophrenia

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8
Q

What is ICD-10 criteria for anxiety?

A
  • At least 6 months of prominent tension, worry, and feelings of apprehension about everyday events and problems
  • At least four of the following 22 symptoms must be present, at least one of which must be from the autonomic arousal cluster
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9
Q

What are examples of autonomic arousal symptoms?

A

-palpitations or pounding heart or accelerated heart rate; sweating; trembling or shaking; dry mouth (not due to medication or dehydration)

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10
Q

What are anxiety symptoms involving the chest and abdomen?

A
  • difficulty in breathing; feeling of choking; chest pain or discomfort; nausea or abdominal distress
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11
Q

What are the symptoms involving mental state?

A
  • feeling dizzy, unsteady, faint or lightheaded; derealization or depersonalization; fear of losing control, ‘going crazy’, or passing out; fear of dying
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12
Q

What are general symptoms for anxiety?

A
  • hot flushes or cold chills; numbness or tingling sensations
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of tension?

A
  • muscle tension or aches and pains; restlessness and inability to relax; feeling keyed up, or on edge, or mentally tense; a sensation of a lump in the throat, or difficulty in swallowing
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14
Q

What are the clinical features of anxiety?

A
  • Free floating
  • Not a feature of another disorder
  • Co morbidity with depression and other psychiatric disorder
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15
Q

What is epidemiology?

A
  • Life-time prevalence 5.7%
  • Increased risk
    Female
    Middle-aged
    Low income
  • Decreased risk
    African American, Asian, Hispanic
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16
Q

What is issue with anxiety diagnosis?

A

-Can be difficult to separate out from other disorders

17
Q

What is the unique profile of GAD?

A
  • High negative affect and anxiety

- Low physiological arousal and depression

18
Q

What is aetiology of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Genetic
  • Five times more prevalent in first-degree relatives
  • No difference in twin studies
  • Modest role,
  • genetic more linked to depression
  • Neurobiological mechanisms
  • Noradrenergic systems
  • HPA axis
19
Q

Describe noradrenergic nervous system in people with anxiety?

A
  • Resting catecholamine levels are normal
  • Subnormal response to stimulation and blockade
  • Implication is down-regulation of receptors
20
Q

Describe HPA axis

A
  • Cortisol released in response to stress, with negative feedback on pituitary and hippocampus
  • In rats, chronic exposure to stress or steroids, downregulates the negative feedback
  • Reduced dexamethasone suppression seen in 1/3 of GAD
  • Unable to bring cortisol levels
21
Q

What part of the brain is involved in brain?

A

-amygdala

22
Q

What does MRI of children amygdala show?

A
  • MRI of children and adolescents with GAD showed volume increases
  • maybe change in amygdala is linked to anxiety conditions
23
Q

What is psychology aetiology of anxiety?

A
  • Diminished sense of control over themselves and over their life
  • trauma and insecure attachment to primary caregivers
  • parenting style
  • giving child attention
  • encouragement of the child to explore and manipulate the environment
  • Life stress
  • 52% of GAD suffers have experience a PTSD like event c/f to 21% of non GAD sufferers
24
Q

What is prognosis of anxiety?

A
  • remission rate 38% at 5 years
  • relapse rate 27% at 3 years
  • poor prognosis
  • poor life satisfaction
  • poor relationship with spouse and anxiety
  • Cluster C personality (anxious, fearfulcluster. It includes the Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-CompulsivePersonalityDisorders)
25
Q

What are Pharmacological treatment for anxiety?

A

-Benzodiazepines - addictive
-Buspirone - serotonin
-Anti-depressants - SSRI and SNRI
-Pregabalin - Voltage gated pre-synaptic calcium channel
Reduces glutamate release

26
Q

What are psychological treatments or anxiety?

A
  • CBT
  • Psychoeducation
  • Relaxation
  • Exposure

Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind (32 decks)

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