wk 8 + 9 BB

Question 1

Nuerodiversity led to a paradigm shift, allowing for

Answer 1

a greater input from the autistic community and collaborative research practices

Question 2

The social model of disability aligns with neurodiversity as it

Answer 2

it takes social and environmental factors into count

Question 3

The medical model of disability assumes impairment and tries to

Answer 3

fix the problem

Question 4

Markers of a universal theory must be

Answer 4

specific (apply to all members of group)

Sensitive (explain all features of the condition)

Question 5

a universal theory tries to

Answer 5

explain one component that explains differences between groups

Question 6

Differences in _____ _______ recognition in autistic community

potentially driven by

Answer 6

facial emotion

a subgroup eho performed poorer on a facial emotion recognition task, an who also showed differences in neural processing and clinically defined features of autism

Question 7

Higher rates of ______ found in autistic people

Answer 7

alexithymia

also associated with higher clinically defined features of autism and increased levels of experienced anxiety

Question 8

• _____% of the English population diagnosed autistic

Answer 8

0.82

Question 9

DSM criteria autism

Answer 9

Differences in social communication and interaction
- Specific patterns of behaviour, passionate interests, or focused activities
- Sensory hyper- or hypo-sensitivities

Question 10

Concordance rates of autism

Answer 10

Twins: MZ rates: 60%, DZ
rates: 5%;

Question 11

Co-occurring diagnoses
are common in people
with autism across the
lifespan, e.g.:

Answer 11

ADHD (28%)
* Anxiety (20%)
* Depression (11%)

Question 12

Fact: Most up-to-date
estimate ratio of autistic
males to females is

Answer 12

3:1.

Question 13

“Girls who meet criteria for
[autism] are at disproportionate
risk of not receiving a clinical
diagnosis.”

Why ?

Answer 13

• Genetic differences and susceptibility
• Underdiagnosis of autistic women and girls
• Differences in characteristics and traits
• Camouflaging

Question 14

Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire – CAT-Q

Three subscales:

Answer 14

Masking: strategies used to hide autistic characteristics or portray a non-autistic persona

Compensation: strategies used to actively compensate for difficulties in social situations

Assimilation: Strategies that reflect trying to fit in with others in social situations (the motivation)

Question 15

which gender camouflages more

Answer 15

females

Question 16

Theory of Mind:

Answer 16

: the ability to attribute independent mental
states to oneself and others to explain their behaviour

Question 17

• Evidence for differences in mentalising at the neural level
  is

Answer 17

inconsistent

Question 18

The Double Empathy Problem can lead to

Answer 18

a breakdown in
mutual understanding between autistic and non-autistic
people

Question 19

levels of acetylcholine are high in the

Answer 19

hippocampus and neocortex

Question 20

acetylcholine role in sleep

where is this produced to cause this effect

Answer 20

activating AcH neurones in the basal forebrain causes wakefulness

Question 21

i AcH high or low in slow wave sleep

Answer 21

low

Question 22

Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline

Activity of noradrenergic locus coeruleus- neurons increases ______

Answer 22

vigilance

Question 23

Norepinephrine increases or decreases during wakefulness

Answer 23

increases

Question 24

how is serotonin involved in arousal.

how do concentrations change during sleep/wake cycle

Answer 24

serotonergic neurons are most active during waking, steadily decline during sleep to almost zero acivity in REM sleep.
The second after REM sleep, become very active

Question 25

Stimulation of raphe nuclei (where most serotonergic neurons are found) causes

Answer 25

locomotion and cortical arousal

Question 26

histaminergic neurons are located in the

Answer 26

hypothalamus

Question 27

Drugs that prevent the synthesis of histamine or block histamine receptors do ....

Answer 27

decrease waking,increase sleep

Question 28

activity in histaminergic neurons is high or low during slow wave and REM sleep

Answer 28

low

Question 29

cells that secrete Orexin are located in the

Answer 29

hypothalamus

Question 30

Orexin has a _____ effect in the _____ ______ and all other regions involved in arousal and wakefullness

Answer 30

excitatory cerebral cortex

Question 31

Activating neurons in the _____ ______ of mice awakens the animals from REM and non-REM sleep

Answer 31

lateral hypothalamus

Question 32

does orexin fire more in sleep or awake

Answer 32

more in awake

Question 33

alpha brain activity

Answer 33

regular, medium frequency waves 8-12 Hz (resting quietly)

Question 34

beta brain activity

Answer 34

irregular, mostly low amplitude waves 13 - 30 hz (alert and attentive)

Question 35

Stage 1 sleep d

Answer 35

drowsy Theta activity (3.5 - 7.5 Hz) ab 10 mins

Question 36

Stage 2 sleep 2 characteristics specific to stage 2 sleep

Answer 36

irregular EEG Theta activity sleep spindles - short bursts of waves 12-14 hz K complexes - sudden sharp waveforms

Question 37

K complexes are associated with

Answer 37

consolidation of memories

Question 38

increased number of sleep spindles are associated with

Answer 38

higher scores on intelligence tests

Question 39

stage 3 and 4 , slow wave sleep

Answer 39

high amplitude delta waves . slower than 3.5 Hz slow wave oscillations

Question 40

slow wave oscillations have 2 states

Answer 40

down state = inhibition in cortex. neurons in neocortex are silent. suggesting rest up state = period of excitation where neurons briefly fire at a high rate

Question 41

REM sleep

Answer 41

EEG desynchrony rapid irregular waves - paralysis - if woken, will be attentive and alert - cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption accelerated - body temperature not regulated

Question 42

sleep is controlled by 3 factors

Answer 42

homeostatic, allostatic, circadian

Question 43

primary homeostatic process of sleep

Answer 43

presence or absence of adenosine

Question 44

allostatic control of sleep is mediated by

Answer 44

hormonal and neural responses to stressful situations

Question 45

to promote sleep, what neurons become active and where

Answer 45

group of GABAnergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) becomes active and suppresses activity of arousal neurons

Question 46

the sleep-wake flip-flop is ON when

Answer 46

the sleep promoting neurons in the vlPOA are inhibited and the arousal neurons are active = awake

Question 47

Morivation to stay awake is held by which NT

Answer 47

Orexin orexinergic neurons in the LH hold the flip-flop on, keeping you awake. If you lose the motivation to stay awake, will be lack of orexin and flip flop will switch off

Question 48

What factors control the activity of the orexinergic neurons ?

Answer 48

- biological clock - hunger signals (stay awake) - satiety inhibit (so sleep) - build up of adenosine (happens as we are awake) inhibits input from vlPOA to Orexinergic neurons

Question 49

Acetylcholinergic neurons fire at a ____ rate in REM sleep

Answer 49

high

Question 50

There is an REM sleep flip-flop REM-ON neurons are located in the _____ REM-OFF neurons are located in the_____

Answer 50

pons (in SLD) midbrain (in vlPAG)

Question 51

During waking the REM -OFF region receives exitatory input from

Answer 51

orexinergic neurons of the LH, tips REM flip-flop into OFF state

Question 52

how do specific neurons control the muscular paralysis of REM sleep

Answer 52

when the REM flip-flop is on the ON state, motor neurons in the spinal chord become inhibited and cannot respond to the signals arising from the motor cortex in the course of a dream.

Question 53

* Slow-wave sleep deprivation affects

Answer 53

cognitive abilities, especially sustained attention, but not physical abilities

Question 54

in slow wave sleep, Cerebral metabolic rate and blood flow falls by about

Answer 54

75%

Question 55

Rebound phenomenon, REM sleep

Answer 55

If deprived of REM sleep, you will have more REM sleep in the next sleep period

Question 56

Highest proportion of REM sleep occurs during

Answer 56

brain development.

Question 57

Why do adults continue to have REM sleep?

Answer 57

Learning- both REM and slow-wave sleep facilitate learning

Question 58

Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep appear to play different roles in the consolidation of memories e.g.

Answer 58

REM sleep facilitates consolidation of non-declarative memories slow-wave sleep facilitates consolidation of declarative memories

Question 59

Studies by Peigneaux et al. (2004) and Wamsley et al. (2010) investigated the role of slow-wave sleep in navigation (learning your way around a virtual town)

Answer 59

Both studies confirmed a role of slow-wave sleep in learning our way around. * We appear to rehearse the information during slow-wave sleep and consolidate learning.