wk 7 MH Flashcards
severe MH problems
affect changes in mania
intense elated mood. agitated and irritable
physiological changes in mania
Decreases need for sleep,
increase sense of energy,
psychomotor agitation (not being able to stay still)
is hypomania or mania more severe
mania
behavioural changes in mania
- Excessive involvement in pleasurable risk-taking activities,
- pressure of speech (talk fast)
- Increased goal-directed activity
cognitive changes in mania
- inflated self-esteem/grandiosity,
- Flight of ideas/racing thoughts,
- distractibility
How common is hypomania?
N = 148 Lancaster University students completed Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ; Hirschfeld et al., 2000)
Found what percentage of people had experiences indicating hypomania
35.1%
In the general population, the life-time prevalence of mania is __-__% (Hanquett et al., 2005; Wickham et al 2015)
4-9
Episodes of mania and hypomania often (but not always) co-occur with
depression/low mood.
Bipolar 1
at least one manic episode. major depressive episodes are typical but not necessary for diagnosisb
Bipolar 2
At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode
Psychological factors of Bipolar disorder
Highly unstable and fluctuating self esteem
Conflictual appraisals about mood and internal states
psychosis
medical term used to describe many experiences of “losing contact with reality” including:
-Ability to think clearly
-Telling difference between reality and inner experiences
-Changes in the way people behave
Psychosis is regarded as a ______ ______ of specific psychiatric disorders, particularly ______ but psychotic experiences are actually observed in the context of many other mental health difficulties e.g _____ + _____ etc
characteristic feature
schizophrenia
depression, trauma
two types of symptoms in psychosis
positive, negative
negative symptoms of psychosis
defined by absence of emotonal responses, thought processes and behaviours that are usual in most indoviduals
positive symptoms of psychosis
defined by presence of states and experiences that individuals do not normally experience.
sensory perceptions unrelated to outside events, often auditory, but can be in any other/multiple sensory modality inc. visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, somatic
is this positive or negative symptom
Hallucinations
positive
Delusions
is this positive or negative symptom
False beliefs, often held with great conviction, wide range of possible themes e.g. grandiose beliefs, persecutory/ paranoid beliefs
positive symptom
Thought disorder
is this positive or negative symptom
incomprehensive thought patterns as evidenced by disorganised speech,e.g. flight of ideas, loose associations based on phonetics rather than semantics
positive
alogia
is this positive or negative symptom
poverty of speech
negative
Avolition
is this positive or negative symptom
lack of motivation
Blunted, fat or reduced affect
is this positive or negative symptom
inability to express appropriate emotions
negative
Anhedonia
is this positive or negative symptom
inability to experience pleaseure
negative
Asociality
is this positive or negative symptom
social withdran, lack of desire to engage in social interactions/form relationships
negative
approx ___% of general population experience paranoid ideation
30%
ESTIMATED only ___-___% of people have a diagnosis of auditory hallucinations in general population
0.5-1%
___% of people who receive diagnoses of schizophrenia remain socially and occupationally impaired many years after diagnosis
25
Lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia = __-__%
5-10%
psychological theory of hallucinations
(emergence of psychotic experiences )
Source monitoring biases
ability to distinguish between internal and external cognitive events, stress can disrupt
psychological theory of Delusions/Paranoia
(emergence of psychotic experiences )
- Theory of mind difficulties (not understanding others mental states),
- Jumping to conclusion biases ( making overconfident conclusion based on little evidence)
- Attributional style (external, personalised attributions for negative events (e.g. i failed my exam bc my teacher hates me))
psychological theories of psychosocial factors of schizophrenia
(emergence of psychotic experiences )
stressful life events trauma social inequality
psychological theories of negative belief s about hte self and the world
(distress of psychotic experiences )
Garety et al 2001,
Often arises from a background of victimisation and powerlessness
psychological theories of Negative, threateneing appraisals of psychotic experiences
(distress of psychotic experiences )
“hearing voices means that I am going nuts!”
Morrison et al 2001
Personality
the collection of enduring behavioural and psychological traits that distinguish human beings
personality difficulties are
maladaptive and enduring patterns of behaviour, thought and inner experience etc. exhibited across many contexts, that differ markedly from those accepted by the individuals culture and society
personality difficulties are particularly evident in two areas:
1) Expression and self regulation of distressing emotions
2) Interpersonal relationships
Common experiences in people diagnosed with personality disorders:
- Experiencing intense and overwhelming negative feelings
- Difficulties in managing overwhelming feelings (often using damaging strategies to cope such as drug use)
- Difficulties maintaining stable and close relationships (children, partners, professional carers)
Prevalence of difficulties leading to personality disorders in the UK is
4-5%
stigma surrounding personality disorders
negative reaction from mental health professionals, not seen as a real mental illness
professionals expect negative interactions
People with a diagnosis seen as untreatable, manipulative, attention seeking
How to overcome stigma of personality disorder
-empathy
-“what happened to you?” rather than “what’s wrong with you?”
e.g: meta analysis of 97 studies found that ppl with a diagnosis of BPD over 13 times more likely to report childhood adversity that non-clinical controls
psychological theories of personality difficulties :
Attachement
attachment styles
important determinant of effective emotional self-regulation (we learn to self sooth from being soothed)
Insecure attachment styles have been extensively linked to personality difficulties
other factors linked to personality difficulties
- Emotional neglect,
- dismissing family environments
- adverse early life experiences
