wk 10 BB

Question 1

SCN is located in the

Answer 1

hypothalamus

Question 2

lesions in SCN do what to sleep

Answer 2

still sleep and exercise normal ammount, just at haphazard times

Question 3

greater SCN neuronal and metabolic activity during

Answer 3

daylight

Question 4

light passes directly from the retina to the SCN via the

Answer 4

Retinohypothalamic pathway

Question 5

how does the SCN control sleep and waking through Direct neural connections

process of SCN to DMH

Answer 5

synapse pathways from SCN to the
- subparaventricular zone (SPZ)
-then to Dorsomedial nucleus of the Hypothalamus (DMH)

Question 6

how does the SCN control sleep and waking through Direct neural connections

process of DMH to sleep-wake flip-flop

Answer 6

• DMH sends inhibitory signals to vlPOA (GABAnergic system here) which is inhibitory, thus keeping us awake

DMH sends excitatory signals to Oxinergic neurons ( excitatory, this promotes wakefulness) (as oxinergic neurons stimulate arousal system)

Question 7

evidence that the SCN control sleep and waking through release of chemical signals

Answer 7

system involving at least 7 genes and their proteins and two interlocking feedback loops.
– Proteins build up, inhibit gene producing proteins. Proteins lessen, stop inhibiting, proteins produced.

a biological clock

Question 8

Insomnia

Answer 8

difficulty getting to sleep, staying asleep, or having non-restorative sleep

– together with associated impairment of daytime functioning.

– Defined in relation to a person’s
particular need for sleep

Question 9

Chronic insomnia effects
approximately __% of the population
while up to 1/3 report at least one
nocturnal symptom (Morin & Jarrin, 2013;
Singareddy et al., 2012).

Answer 9

9

Question 10

insomnia

Age
– More common in ____ people

Answer 10

older

Question 11

Causes for insomnia = Physiology

Answer 11

Heightened activity in the reticular activating system

Question 12

• Medical conditions and medications
  impact on insomnia

Answer 12

E.g. Heart and respiratory conditions, some
antidepressants, epilepsy medications

Question 13

Insomnia Treatment

Answer 13

Typically treated with drugs but can
potentially also be treated with
mindfulness and CBT (Manber et al.,
2011; Ong et al., 2014)

Question 14

Chronic sleep deprivation can lead
to serious health problems e.g.

Answer 14

E.g. obesity, diabetes and
cardiovascular disease (Orzel-Gryglewska,
2010)

Question 15

Sleep Apnea

Answer 15

Form of insomnia – the inability to
sleep and breathe at the same time
* Build of carbon dioxide
* Carbon dioxide in the blood
stimulates chemoreceptors
* Disrupts sleep affecting daytime
functioning

Question 16

Narcolepsy

Symptoms

Answer 16

Sleep attack = overwhelming urge to sleep

Cataplexy = muscular paralysis of REM sleep while awake

Varying degrees of muscle weakness
➢ Can become completely paralyzed while conscious
➢ Generally occurs when the person feels strong
emotions or by sudden physical effort.

Sleep paralysis =
* REM muscular paralysis just before the onset
of sleep or upon waking

Hypnagogic hallucinations =
* dreaming while awake and paralysed
* can very realistic and terrifying.

Question 17

Causes of narcolepsy

Answer 17

Hereditary element

Environmental factors play, but are unknown

Orexinergic neurons are attacked by the
immune system, usually in adolescence
(Fontana et al., 2010)

Question 18

treatments for narcolepsy

Answer 18

Ritalin - stimulant drugs.

REM sleep phenomenon treated with antidepressants

most common = modafanil and sodium oxybate

Question 19

REM sleep behaviour disorder

Answer 19

no paralysis during REM

= acting out dreams

Neurodegenerative disorder with a genetic component

associated with Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinsons

Question 20

REM sleep behaviour disorder treatment

Answer 20

clonazepam , a benzodiazepine tranquilliser

Question 21

Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

slow-wave sleep problem

Answer 21

different to acting out dream but can engage in complex behaviours

more common in children

Genetic component

Question 22

Night terrors

Answer 22

• Night terrors (pavor nocturnus)
  ➢ Anguished screams, trembling, a rapid pulse, and usually
  no memory of what caused the terror
  ➢ Hereditary element

Question 23

Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis)

Answer 23

➢ About 10% of 7 year olds
➢ Heredity element

Question 24

Fatal Familial Insomnia

Answer 24

Neurodegenerative condition
* Prion disease
* Damage to the thalamus

Initially presents with insomnia and very vivid dreams when the person finally manages to sleep.

• Psychiatric complications – panic attacks, cognitive deficits, paranoia and phobias

Question 25

As Fatal Famillial Insomnia progesses, it affects

EEG shows

what happens to sleep scycle

Final symptoms

Answer 25

the autonomic nervous system (e.g. elevated blood pressure) and coordination (ataxia)

disturbances and reductions in sleep spindles and K complexes

Dissapearance of slow wave sleep and only brief periods of REM sleep

Ultimately leads to inability to speak or move (akinetic mutism), coma and death