wk 7 BB - emotion 2

Question 1

Emotional contagion:

Answer 1

fast automatic responses to
emotional expressions in another person
– Mimicry

Question 2

Empathy

Answer 2

feeling and experiencing what another person is
feeling

Question 3

Affective empathy

Answer 3

Feeling what another person is feeling
through recognition, being sensitive and
having an appropriate affective response

Question 4

Cognitive empathy:

Answer 4

Recognizing and understanding that
another person is feeling something
different to what you are feeling

Question 5

Aims: (1) Investigate the neuroanatomical
substrates of cognitive and affective empathy and
(2) the relationship between the two systems

what did they find

Answer 5

Patients with vmPFC lesions were impared in cognitive empathy

Patients with IFG lesions were impaired in emotional empathy compared to other groups

Question 6

Prosocial motivation*:

Answer 6

The intention to respond compassionately
to another person’s distress
* Precursor of prosocial action

Question 7

How can we measure empathy?

what is special about this scale

Answer 7

self report- Empathy components questionnaire (ECQ)

contains cognitive and affective components across 27 items

contains items on cognitive drive, affective drive, affective reactivity

Question 8

• Empathy networks in the brain include regions such as

Answer 8

– Affective: the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and posterior dorsal medial frontal gyrus (pdMFG)

– Cognitive: the ventromedial gyrus (vmPFFC) , supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and anterior dorsal medial frontal gyrus (adMFG)

Question 9

sex differences in empathy

Answer 9

significant differences for all components of affective empathy, small difference in cognitive empathy

(women score higher)

Question 10

Aim: To correlate the location of lesions in 108 people
with the ability to perceive emotion in the face
Results:
conclusion:

Answer 10

People who were poorest at facial emotion
recognition had damage to the right somatosensory
cortex.
- People with somatosensory impairments also had
impairments in emotion recognition

conclusion : When we see a facial expression of an
emotion, we unconsciously imagine ourselves making
that expression.

Question 11

Simulationist Hypothesis:

Answer 11

Emotion recognition involves
simulation of emotion that we are viewing

Question 12

_____ improves emotion recognition in men with APD

Answer 12

oxytocin

Question 13

Testosterone and cortisol improve emotion______ accuracy and speed in ______

Answer 13

emotion recognition accuracy and speed in men

Question 14

does emotion recognition accuracy and speed change during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

Damage to the ______ causes serious impairments of behavioural control and _______ _______

Answer 15

vmPFC

decision making

Question 16

Damage to vmPFC leads to

(in terms of moral descision making)

Answer 16

more logical or utilitarian decision making for nonmoral, impersonal (pull switch trolly problem) moral and personal moral (push man of bridge trolley problem) dilemmas

Question 17

The TPJ (Temoro-Parietal Junction) is involved in …

the vmPFC involved in ….

(decision making)

Answer 17

difficult moral decision making and the vmPFC in easy moral decision making

Question 18

people with ______ who have ____make more utilitarian decisions than people with AD or people without dementia

Answer 18

bvFTD who have damage to the frontal lobes

behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia

Question 19

Aim: Investigate boys’ and girls’ development of perspective taking and
empathic concern longitudinally from ages 13 to 18 years and to examine
associations with pubertal status

Found: (in relation to cognitive and affective empathy)

Answer 19

Girls develop cognitive empathy (measured as ability to take perspectives) earlier on and faster

suggests there is a difference in the maturity of cognitive empathy

Question 20

Ekman and colleagues (1969)
- Concluded that the expression of
emotions are

Answer 20

not learned as they are the
same in cultures that have not been
exposed to each other

Question 21

Research aim: Compared the expressions of congenitally and
noncongenitally blind athletes in the 2004 Paralympic Games with each other and with those produced by sighted athletes in the 2004 Olympic
Games.

Found what

Answer 21

Results: Few differences in emotional expressions of congenitally
blind, noncongenitally blind and sighted athletes in 2004 Paralympic
Games

Conclusion: suggests that emotion expression is innate and does not
require learning by imitation

Question 22

Aim: To investigate whether emotional vocalisations communicate affective states
across cultures

Procedure: Participants heard an emotional story. They either

• Played the Himba nonverbal emotional vocalisations from European-English speakers
• Played European English speakers nonverbal emotional vocalisations of emotion from the
  Himba

Results + Conclusion

Answer 22

Results: Groups were able to
identify ‘basic’ emotions of their
own cultural group at a higher
level
Conclusions: Negative emotions
have vocalisations that can be
recognised across cultures, but
positive emotions are
communicated with culture- specific signals

Question 23

the ______ has a prominent role in basic and complex emotion recognition

Answer 23

amygdala

Question 24

there are sex differences in the laterality of the ________ response to face processing in the _______ face and _______ face areas

Answer 24

temporal

fusiform

occipital

Question 25

Developmental trajectories of emotion processing differs depending on

Answer 25

the type of emotional expression (sadness develops later)

modality (visual or vocal)

Question 26

Alexithymia

Answer 26

impaired ability to be aware of identify, describe ones feelings

Question 27

Alexithymic traits have a significant impact on a persons

Answer 27

emotion regulation, emotion recognition, empathy abilities