wk 5 BB

Question 1

¨ In the brain, noradrenaline primarily released from

Answer 1

Locus Coeruleus

Question 2

As a neurotransmitter, ________
can enhance formation
and retrieval of memory

Answer 2

noradrenaline

Question 3

Metabolic imprinting”

Answer 3

¨ Pregnancy during famine
¤ Fetus ‘learns’ that food is scarce
¤ Metabolism of fetus has permanent shift

Question 4

Which brain areas are involved in regulating the
stress response? What happens to the activity of brain regions in response to these conditions?

¤ Examine clinical cases of poor emotion regulation
n Post-traumatic stress disorder
n Social Anxiety Disorder
n Specific phobia
¤ Etkin & Wager, 2007 – meta-analysis of fMRI studies
across these conditions

Answer 4

patients showed either
¤ Increased activation in amygdala (phobia/ social
anxiety)
¤ Decreased activity in medial prefrontal cortex (PTSD)

Question 5

¨ ‘Bottom-up’ signalling from the __________indicates
threats in the environment

Answer 5

Amygdala

Question 6

top-down’ regulation
from the_____ _______-________ ______ prevents
this from triggering constant
stress-responses

Answer 6

medial
pre-frontal cortex

Question 7

Information encoded during stressful events is
generally _____remembered (e.g. Nice attacks france)
¨ Particularly if information is relevant to stressor
¤ (i.e. learn to avoid house, after attack by dog).
¨ Normally adaptive BUT dysregulation could result in
psychological trauma
¤ E.g. post-traumatic stress disorder, characterised by
flashbacks.
n Feeling that traumatic event is recurring

Answer 7

well

Question 8

Memory retrieval during
stress is _______
¤ E.g. Guez et al., 2016

Answer 8

impaired

Question 9

Stress ____________consolidation
of emotional pictures

Answer 9

enhances

Question 10

Some people are better able to cope with stressful
events than others

Lazarus, 1991 - Depends on our cognitive appraisal of
the situation:
¤ Two main factors

Answer 10

Primary appraisals: how relevant is this situation to my needs?

Secondary appraisals: What resources and options do i have for coping with this event. e.g: should I blame someone else?

Question 11

¨ Types of conflict - Lewin, 1935

Answer 11

Appraoch-Approach conflict (least stressful)= Should I go to dinner with friends or go out with girlfriend?

Avoidance-Avoidance conflict= do your homework or go to bed without dinner

Approach-avoidance conflict (most stressful)= should i propose (fear of rejection)

Question 12

Early in year (and for the longest part of the year),
n procrastinators = _______stress, lower marks
(but changed over time)

Answer 12

lower

Question 13

Submissiveness_____________ ______________ stressors (i.e. lower
conflict) Whiteman, 1997
¤ Longitudinal study of 1500 people – high submissiveness,
_________heart disease

Answer 13

protective against

lower

Question 14

Why do some people seek to be stressed?

Answer 14

¨ Risky event
¤ Innervation of sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous
system
n Release of adrenaline/epinephrine within 15 seconds
¤ Release of dopamine
n Greatest release, just prior to event

Question 15

Dopamine neurons show
biggest response not when the monkey receives reward
¤ Instead, at the sound of bell
n “I know that bell, IF I press the lever THEN I’ll get food. This’ll be
great!”
n Dopamine release from _____________of reward.

Answer 15

ANTICIPATION

Question 16

¨ Lack of _____& _______& sense of
______ __________fuel dopamine release

Answer 16

control
predictability
anticipatory pleasure

Question 17

The hippocampus is involved in memory
¨ High density of _______ receptors

This explains the link between stress (cortisol) and memory (hippocampus)

Answer 17

glucocorticoid