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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 6 Cardiology Pathology Pt 2 HF > Flashcards

Wk 6 Cardiology Pathology Pt 2 HF Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Disease that affects the heart MUSCLE

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2
Q

Cardiomyopathy is usually __

A

idiopathic

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3
Q

What are possible causes of cardiomyopathy? (7)

A 
Ischemia
Hypertension
Inherited disorders
Infections
Toxins
Myocarditis
Auto-immune system
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4
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy usually related to?

A 
Ischemia 
Valve disease
Alcohol and drugs
Post or peri partum
Infection
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5
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy usually effects the __ ventricle

A

left

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6
Q

With dilated cardiomyopathy, there is usually a __ __

A

genetic link

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7
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

The ventricle is LARGER

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8
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually related to?

A

Hypertension

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9
Q

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at high risk for… (2)

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

Sudden cardiac death

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10
Q

What does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy lead to?

A

Decreased ejection fraction of the affected ventricle

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11
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Ventricles become resistant to filling, muscle stops working, hardens

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12
Q

What does restrictive cardiomyopathy generally present as?

A

Right sided heart failure

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13
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy most commonly related to?

A

Amyloid disease

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14
Q

What is amyloid disease?

A

when an abnormal protein, called amyloid, builds up in your organs and interferes with their normal function

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15
Q

What is heart failure defined as?

A

Heart cannot pump enough oxygenated blood to meet the body’s needs

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of hospitalization?

A

When the heart can’t pump enough to meet the body’s demands, they get SOA or fluid accumulation

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17
Q

What 3 factors contribute to stroke volume?

A

Preload
Afterload
Myocardial contractility

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18
Q

When does cardiac output stop increasing in relation to heart rate?

A

Around 120 beats per minute

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19
Q

What is preload?

A

Amount of fluid in the left ventricle before it contracts

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20
Q

What is afterload?

A

Pressure the heart has to squeeze against when it contracts

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21
Q

Preload =

A

Fluid volume

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22
Q

High blood pressure =

A

High afterload

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23
Q

What is myocardial contractility?

A

Is the pump working effectively? The innate ability of the heart muscle to contract

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24
Q

Heart failure = __ cardiac output

A

decreased

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25
Q

Heart failure = __ myocardial contractility

A

decreased

26
Q

Heart failure = __ preload

A

increased

27
Q

Heart failure = __ afterload

A

increased

28
Q

Patients with heart failure have impaired __ __

A

ventricular filling

29
Q

When does ventricular filling occur?

A

During diastole (in between the contractions)

30
Q

When does the heart contract?

A

Systole

31
Q

What 4 pathological changed of heart failure

A

FVE
Impaired ventricular filling
Weakened ventricular muscle
Decreased ventricular contractile function

32
Q

What is the main cause of heart failure?

A

Repeated ischemic episodes

33
Q

What else can cause heart failure?

A

MI with or without papillary muscle rupture

34
Q

COPD is associated with…

A

Right ventricular failure (right sided heart failure)

35
Q

A dysrhythmia will…

A

decreased cardiac output, decreases perfusion to coronary arteries that leads to ischemia in the heart which causes heart failure

36
Q

What are 4 other causes of heart failure

A

Valve disorders
mitral insufficiency
aortic stenosis
pulmonary embolus

37
Q

What type of heart failure is a pulmonary embolus associated with?

A

Right sided

38
Q

What are the greatest risk factors for heart failure?

A

Largest is hypertension, but also DM 1 and 2

39
Q

Why is diabetes a major risk factor for heart failure?

A

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory processes that are thought to be associated with diabetes

40
Q

Within 6 months of having a MI, what percentage of men and women will develop heart failure?

A

22% of men

46% of women

41
Q

What female hormone is cardioprotective?

A

Estrogen

42
Q

Heart failure is more common in…

A

African Americans compared to caucasians

43
Q

Heart failure is the most common reason for hospitalization in people who are…

A

Over the age of 65

44
Q

List 8 risk factors for heart failure

A 
Age
Ethnicity 
Genetics
Diabetes
Ischemic heart disease
Obesity 
Hypertension
Lifestyle: Smoking and sedentary, alcohol abuse
45
Q

Why is severe anemia a risk factor for heart failure?

A

Coronary arteries are not getting perfused

46
Q

Why are viruses a risk factor for heart failure?

A

Certain viral infections can cause myocarditis which weakens the heart muscle

47
Q

What type of recreational drug is most commonly associated with heart failure?

A

Cocaine/crack

48
Q

What kidney conditions are risk factors for heart failure? (4)

A

Excess blood volume
Edema
Hypertension
Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes

49
Q

When someone has LEFT sided heart failure, the blood will back up into…

A

the pulmonary circulation

50
Q

With RIGHT sided heart failure, blood backs up into…

A

the systemic circulation

51
Q

What type of symptoms will someone with left sided heart failure have?

A

PULMONARY

52
Q

What breath sounds will someone with left sided heart failure have?

A

Cough, crackles, wheezes

53
Q

What type of sputum will someone with left sided heart failure have?

A

Frothy, sometimes blood tinged

54
Q

What is frothy sputum that is blood tinged often referred as?

A

Pulmonary edema

55
Q

What nocturnal symptoms will someone with left sided heart failure have?

A

Wake up in the middle of the night with SOA - paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

56
Q

What position will someone with LEFT sided heart failure like to be in?

A

Tripod

57
Q

When breathing is best in an upright position and/or tripod, what is this called?

A

Orthopnea

58
Q

What type of heart failure is associated with COPD?

A

Right sided

59
Q

What type of heart failure has blood back up into the vena cava?

A

Right sided

60
Q

What type of heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary veins?

A

Left sided

61
Q

Where does right sided heart failure typically cause congestion? (3)

A

Jugular veins
Liver
Lower extremities

62
Q

What are 4 findings consistent with RIGHT sided heart failure?

A

JVD
Dependent edema
Weight gain
Hepatoslenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver)

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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