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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 2 Antimicrobials - Penicillin > Flashcards

Wk 2 Antimicrobials - Penicillin Flashcards

1
Q

How do antimicrobials work that inhibit the synthesis of cell walls?

A

They weaken the cell wall allowing fluid to come into the cell. The cell then swells and bursts causing lysis and death

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2
Q

6 examples of antimicrobials with the MOA of inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A 
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Vancomycin
Aztreonam
Televancin
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3
Q

What is beta lactam?

A

An enzyme that fights antibiotics

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4
Q

What are beta lactam antibiotics?

A

β-lactam antibiotics are antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure.

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5
Q

What classes of antibiotics are beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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6
Q

How did antibiotics come to have the beta lactam ring?

A

Scientists injected it into the antibiotic to make it more effective against bacteria that contain the ring, so that the antibiotic can breakdown the cell wall

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7
Q

What are the two main groups of beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillins and cephalosporins

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8
Q

Four beta-lacatmase inhibitors that scientists combined with antibiotics to make them effective against a broader range of microbial species.

A

Clavulanic acid,
sulbactam,
tazobactam,
avibactam

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9
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics are not effective against bacteria that…

A

Produce beta-lactamase

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10
Q

What do we do to treat microbes that produce the beta-lacatmase?

A

Combine a beta lactam antibiotic with another type of antibiotic

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11
Q

What type of combination is ampicillin-sulbactam?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

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12
Q

What type of combination is amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

A

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

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13
Q

What is the trade name for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination?

A

Augmentin

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14
Q

Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid is what type of drug combination?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

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15
Q

What is the trade name for ticarcillin-clavulanic acid combo?

A

Timentin

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16
Q

What type of drug combo is Piperacillin-tazobactam?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

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17
Q

What is the trade name for the drug combo piperacillin-tazobactam?

A

Zosyn

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18
Q

What type of drug combo is ceftazidime-avibactam?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

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19
Q

What is the trade name for the drug combo ceftazidime-avibactam?

A

Avycaz

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20
Q

Naturally occuring antimicrobial that started as mold

A

penicillin

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21
Q

When was penicillin discovered and by who?

A

1896 by a medical student

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22
Q

Penicillin was re-discoverd by who and when?

A

Dr. Fleming in 1928

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23
Q

When was penicillin mass produced?

A

1943

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24
Q

By 1947, what happened to penicillin?

A

Bacteria became resistant

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25
Q

What is the MOA of penicillin?

A

Beta-lacatmase inhibitor antibiotic:

Disrupts the synthesis of the bacteria cell wall

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26
Q

Penicillin disrupts the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall by inhibiting __

A

transpeptidases

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27
Q

What are transpeptidases?

A

An enzyme essential for bacterial cell wall synthesis

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28
Q

One requirement for penicillins to work

A

Bacteria must be growing and dividing

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29
Q

What is autolysis?

A

In biology, autolysis, more commonly known as self-digestion, refers to the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes

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30
Q

By inhibiting transpeptidases, penicillins cause bacterial __

A

autolysis

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31
Q

What are three adverse reactions of penicillins?

A

urticaria, pruritus, angioedema

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32
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Hives or red, itchy welts that result from a skin reaction

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33
Q

What is pruritus?

A

itchy skin

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34
Q

What is angioedema?

A

a reaction similar to hives that affects deeper layers of the skin especially around the eyes, cheeks or lips

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35
Q

What type of rash is common in kids that are allergic to pencillin?

A

maculopapular rash

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36
Q

What is a maculopapular rash?

A

rash characterized by a flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps

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37
Q

What drug is common for the maculopapular rash if a child is allergic to penicillins?

A

ampicillin

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38
Q

What route of administration would you see more adverse effects?

A

IV

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39
Q

Penicillin works against which main types of bacteria?

A

Streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus

40
Q

Does penicillin treat gonorrhea?

A

Yes

41
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the tissue that lines your belly or abdomen (peritoneum)

42
Q

4 other adverse effects of penicillins

A

GI distress
oral/vaginal candidiasis
Generalized rash
Anaphlyaxis

43
Q

Penicillins generally only work on gram-__ bacteria, unless we get into the extended spectrum

A

positive

44
Q

What are the four different types of penicillins?

A

Natural penicillins
Penicillinase-Resistant penicillins
Aminopenicillins
Extended-spectrum penicillins

45
Q

What are 2 drugs that are natural penicillins?

A

Penicillin G and Penicillin V

46
Q

What is the scientific name of penicillin G?

A

Benzylpenicillin

47
Q

What is the scientific name of penicillin V?

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

48
Q

What is a drug that is a penicillinase-resistant pencillin?

A

Nafcillin

49
Q

What two drugs are aminopenicillins?

A

amoxicillin and ampicillin

50
Q

What drug is an extended-spectrum penicillin?

A

piperacillin

51
Q

What are 3 common drug interactions with penicillins?

A

NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, and warfarin

52
Q

What is the weakest type of penicillin?

A

Natural penicillins

53
Q

What is the strongest type of penicillin?

A

Extended-spectrum penicillins

54
Q

Penicillin G and V are typically given in which routes?

A

IV or IM, but there are PO forms available

55
Q

What types of bacteria does penicillin g and v work on?

A

gram positive and gram negative cocci, anaerobic bacteria, spirochetes

56
Q

What are spirochetes?

A

a flexible spirally twisted bacterium, especially one that causes syphilis

57
Q

How long is the half life of penicillin G and V?

A

about 30 minutes

58
Q

What is the exception to the 30 minute half-life of penicillin g and v?

A

kidney dysfunction, then it will last longer

59
Q

Which are the least toxic of all the penicillins?

A

Natural penicillins (g and v)

60
Q

If someone has a penicillin allergy, they are allergic to…

A

ALL the different types of penicillin

61
Q

Sometimes penicillin g or v is used in combination with ___

A

aminoglycosides

62
Q

Why is penicillin g and v sometimes used in combination with aminoglycosides?

A

Helps penicillin get into the cell and disrupt the bacterial cell wall synthesis even further

63
Q

What type of penicillin is nafcillin?

A

penicillinase-resistant penicillin

64
Q

What is the drug of choice for penicillinase-resistant penicillins?

A

nafcillin

65
Q

Why is methicillin no longer the drug of choice for penicillinase-resistant penicillins?

A

MRSA, it’s no longer used in practice

66
Q

What routes is nafcillin given?

A

IV only

67
Q

What are oral formulations of nafcillin?

A

cloxacillin and oxacillin - not used as much

68
Q

Ampicillin and amoxicillin are what type of penicillins?

A

aminopenicillins

69
Q

What is augmentin?

A

amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination

70
Q

The chemical structure of ampicillin makes it more effective against which type of bacteria?

A

gram-negative

71
Q

What routes is ampicillin given?

A

PO or IV

72
Q

Why is amoxicillin a better option than ampicillin if given orally?

A

It is more bioavailable

73
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect

74
Q

What was the first broad spectrum penicillin?

A

ampicillin

75
Q

What are two common adverse effects with ampicillin?

A

diarrhea and rash

76
Q

Ampicillin is kidney-__

A

sensitive

77
Q

What does kidney-sensitive mean when referring to antibiotics?

A

Okay to give to someone with renal disease

78
Q

What type of drug combination is ampicillin/sulbactam?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

79
Q

What is the trade name of ampicillin/sulbacatam?

A

Unasyn

80
Q

Amoxicillin has __ side effects compared to ampicillin

A

less

81
Q

Amoxicillin is very commonly prescribed in __ patients

A

pediatric

82
Q

Amoxicillin doses are sometimes higher because of what?

A

Streptococcus resistance

83
Q

What routes is amoxicillin given?

A

Only PO

84
Q

What is amoxicillin commonly used to treat?

A

ENT, GU, and skin infections

85
Q

What type of penicillin is piperacillin?

A

extended-spectrum penicillin

86
Q

Piperacillin is always given with what?

A

Beta lactamase inhibitor

87
Q

Ticarcillin is always given with what?

A

Beta lactamase inhibitor

88
Q

What is piperacillin-tazobactam trade name?

A

Zosyn

89
Q

What type of drug combination is piperacillin-tazobactam?

A

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

90
Q

Piperacillin is really good for what type of infections?

A

Pseudomonal

91
Q

Pseudomonal infections are typically __-acquired.

A

hospital

92
Q

Piperacillin can affect __ function.

A

Platelet

93
Q

Piperacillin is not good for what type of patients?

A

Renal dysfunction

94
Q

Ticarcillin is what type of drug?

A

extended spectrum penicillin

95
Q

What are two unique side effects of ticarcillin?

A

sodium overload and interferes with platelet function

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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