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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 2 Into to Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Wk 2 Into to Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Medications that slow or inhibit the growth of bacteria, or kill bacteria

A

Antimicrobials

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2
Q

What type of antimicrobials are naturally occurring in nature?

A

Antibiotics

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3
Q

Medications that SLOW or INHIBIT bacterial growth

A

Bacteriostatic

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4
Q

Medications that KILL bacteria

A

Bacteriocidal

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5
Q

Term for antimicrobials that are effective against numerous organisms

A

Broad spectrum

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6
Q

When are broad spectrum antibiotics used?

A

When they don’t know what the specific organism is

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7
Q

Antimicrobials that effective against only a few species of organisms

A

Narrow spectrum

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8
Q

What is a selective toxicity antimicrobial medication?

A

Toxic to a specific cell while sparing other normal cells in close proximity

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9
Q

Resistance is __ or __

A

Innate or acquired

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10
Q

A treatment that occurs because or during treatment of a primary infection

A

Super infections

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11
Q

When are prophylactic antibiotics used?

A

Procedures that have a higher risk of infection

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12
Q

What are some examples of types of surgeries that may have a higher risk for infection?

A

Orthopedic, cardiac, abdominal

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13
Q

Prophylactic antibiotics are used in dental procedures for patients at higher risk for __

A

Endocarditis

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14
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Infection of the heart’s inner lining, usually including valves

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15
Q

What other type of patients get prophylactic antibiotics?

A

Immunocompromised patients

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16
Q

What is specifically important to give prophylactic antibiotics to when concerning immunocompromised patients?

A

Those with neutropenia

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17
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Low neutrophil count

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18
Q

What are two examples of patients who are immunocompromised?

A

HIV or those on chemotherapy

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19
Q

When deciding which type of antibiotics to use, what is important concerning hospital-acquired versus community acquire infections?

A

What the organism is and the different susceptibility patterns

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20
Q

Hospital-acquired infections are usually __

A

bacterial

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21
Q

When choosing an antibiotic for treatment, what is important concerning the site of infection?

A

Can the antimicrobial penetrate the site of infection? For example, if the infection is located in the bones

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22
Q

What is important to consider about the site of infection when choosing an antimicrobial?

A

Does the antimicrobial work best in a specific location? Like the lungs?

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23
Q

What is important to do prior to starting antimicrobials?

A

Getting cultures and susceptibility

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24
Q

What is the exception to getting cultures prior to starting antimicrobials?

A

Patient is critically ill
Meningitis
Severe sepsis

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25
Q

What will we prescribe a patient who has meningitis?

A

A antimicrobial that we know will cross the blood brain barrier

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26
Q

Giving antimicrobials before getting a culture might result in…

A

Inability to see the organism on the culture, it may not grow

27
Q

With blood, how many cultures do you typically want to get?

A

2

28
Q

One set of blood sample should always be __

A

peripheral

29
Q

What are the two bottle types when collecting blood?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

30
Q

Why should one stick always be peripheral?

A

There is a lot of bacteria on the surface of central lines that can contaminate the sample

31
Q

What is a diffusion test?

A

A drug sensitivity test where they put an antimicrobial disk on a smear and see if the bacterial grows up close to the disk

32
Q

What does minimum inhibitory concentration mean?

A

What is the lowest amount of antimicrobial that inhibits growth

33
Q

How do they test for the minimum inhibitory concerntration?

A

Put different amounts of the antimicrobials in tubes that have the organism

34
Q

You always want to give the __ amount of antimicrobials

A

least/lowest

35
Q

What are true allergies?

A

Anaphylaxis, rash, welts

36
Q

What is considered an adverse effect?

A

Nausea and vomiting

37
Q

What are cross reactivity reactions?

A

If you are allergic to pencillins you might also be allergic to cephalosporins

38
Q

Cross sensitivity reactions are more common in patients who have __

A

anaphylaxis

39
Q

What type of allergies are really common?

A

Sulfa allergies

40
Q

What are examples of sulfa antimicrobials?

A

bactrim

41
Q

What is Bactrim?

A

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

42
Q

You can develop allergies at…

A

any age

43
Q

Age extremes will need __ __ because their bodies do not respond as well

A

lower concentrations

44
Q

What will impact the patient’s response to antimicrobials so that they may not be able to tolerate it?

A

Renal or liver failure

45
Q

How does the site infection relate to the length of time you need to be on antimicrobials?

A

A site that is an abscess that is walled off will take longer for the antibiotics to reach than a site like a UTI

46
Q

It’s better to give an antimicrobial __ rather than __

A

early rather than later

47
Q

Some medications need to be at a certain level to be effective, this is called __ and __ levels

A

peak and trough levels

48
Q

What is an example of a medication that needs to be at a specific level to be effective?

A

Vancomycin

49
Q

Nosocomial infections are more __

A

Virulent

50
Q

What is CRE?

A

Carbapenem resistant enterobactericeae

51
Q

What does MDRO mean?

A

Multiple drug resistant organism

52
Q

Most common seen drug resistant organisms in the hospital?

A

MRSA and CRE

53
Q

What 3 things disrupt the patient’s normal skin barrier and put them at risk for infection?

A

IV catheters, urinary catheters, nasogastric tubes

54
Q

Atelectasis is an example of a common what type of hospital infection?

A

Post-op

55
Q

Atelectasis increases the risk of __

A

pneumonia

56
Q

Wound/surgical __ is a portal of entry for infection

A

dehiscence

57
Q

If you are post-op in the hospital you are at high risk for what type of infection?

A

UTI

58
Q

What is an acquired antibiotic resistance?

A

Sharing of genetic material between organisms

59
Q

Exposing microbe to antimicrobial agents, and then not taking it long enough can cause…?

A

microbial mutations and lead to resistance

60
Q

Antibiotics almost never help an __ __ __

A

acute respiratory infection

61
Q

C. diff spores can survive for how long on surfaces?

A

5 or more months, sometimes even years

62
Q

What is VRE?

A

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus

63
Q

What is a huge source of contamination?

A

Clothing, especially a physician’s white coat

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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