Wk 2 Into to Antimicrobials Flashcards
Medications that slow or inhibit the growth of bacteria, or kill bacteria
Antimicrobials
What type of antimicrobials are naturally occurring in nature?
Antibiotics
Medications that SLOW or INHIBIT bacterial growth
Bacteriostatic
Medications that KILL bacteria
Bacteriocidal
Term for antimicrobials that are effective against numerous organisms
Broad spectrum
When are broad spectrum antibiotics used?
When they don’t know what the specific organism is
Antimicrobials that effective against only a few species of organisms
Narrow spectrum
What is a selective toxicity antimicrobial medication?
Toxic to a specific cell while sparing other normal cells in close proximity
Resistance is __ or __
Innate or acquired
A treatment that occurs because or during treatment of a primary infection
Super infections
When are prophylactic antibiotics used?
Procedures that have a higher risk of infection
What are some examples of types of surgeries that may have a higher risk for infection?
Orthopedic, cardiac, abdominal
Prophylactic antibiotics are used in dental procedures for patients at higher risk for __
Endocarditis
What is endocarditis?
Infection of the heart’s inner lining, usually including valves
What other type of patients get prophylactic antibiotics?
Immunocompromised patients
What is specifically important to give prophylactic antibiotics to when concerning immunocompromised patients?
Those with neutropenia
What is neutropenia?
Low neutrophil count
What are two examples of patients who are immunocompromised?
HIV or those on chemotherapy
When deciding which type of antibiotics to use, what is important concerning hospital-acquired versus community acquire infections?
What the organism is and the different susceptibility patterns
Hospital-acquired infections are usually __
bacterial
When choosing an antibiotic for treatment, what is important concerning the site of infection?
Can the antimicrobial penetrate the site of infection? For example, if the infection is located in the bones
What is important to consider about the site of infection when choosing an antimicrobial?
Does the antimicrobial work best in a specific location? Like the lungs?
What is important to do prior to starting antimicrobials?
Getting cultures and susceptibility
What is the exception to getting cultures prior to starting antimicrobials?
Patient is critically ill
Meningitis
Severe sepsis
What will we prescribe a patient who has meningitis?
A antimicrobial that we know will cross the blood brain barrier
Giving antimicrobials before getting a culture might result in…
Inability to see the organism on the culture, it may not grow
With blood, how many cultures do you typically want to get?
2
One set of blood sample should always be __
peripheral
What are the two bottle types when collecting blood?
Aerobic and anaerobic
Why should one stick always be peripheral?
There is a lot of bacteria on the surface of central lines that can contaminate the sample
What is a diffusion test?
A drug sensitivity test where they put an antimicrobial disk on a smear and see if the bacterial grows up close to the disk
What does minimum inhibitory concentration mean?
What is the lowest amount of antimicrobial that inhibits growth
How do they test for the minimum inhibitory concerntration?
Put different amounts of the antimicrobials in tubes that have the organism
You always want to give the __ amount of antimicrobials
least/lowest
What are true allergies?
Anaphylaxis, rash, welts
What is considered an adverse effect?
Nausea and vomiting
What are cross reactivity reactions?
If you are allergic to pencillins you might also be allergic to cephalosporins
Cross sensitivity reactions are more common in patients who have __
anaphylaxis
What type of allergies are really common?
Sulfa allergies
What are examples of sulfa antimicrobials?
bactrim
What is Bactrim?
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
You can develop allergies at…
any age
Age extremes will need __ __ because their bodies do not respond as well
lower concentrations
What will impact the patient’s response to antimicrobials so that they may not be able to tolerate it?
Renal or liver failure
How does the site infection relate to the length of time you need to be on antimicrobials?
A site that is an abscess that is walled off will take longer for the antibiotics to reach than a site like a UTI
It’s better to give an antimicrobial __ rather than __
early rather than later
Some medications need to be at a certain level to be effective, this is called __ and __ levels
peak and trough levels
What is an example of a medication that needs to be at a specific level to be effective?
Vancomycin
Nosocomial infections are more __
Virulent
What is CRE?
Carbapenem resistant enterobactericeae
What does MDRO mean?
Multiple drug resistant organism
Most common seen drug resistant organisms in the hospital?
MRSA and CRE
What 3 things disrupt the patient’s normal skin barrier and put them at risk for infection?
IV catheters, urinary catheters, nasogastric tubes
Atelectasis is an example of a common what type of hospital infection?
Post-op
Atelectasis increases the risk of __
pneumonia
Wound/surgical __ is a portal of entry for infection
dehiscence
If you are post-op in the hospital you are at high risk for what type of infection?
UTI
What is an acquired antibiotic resistance?
Sharing of genetic material between organisms
Exposing microbe to antimicrobial agents, and then not taking it long enough can cause…?
microbial mutations and lead to resistance
Antibiotics almost never help an __ __ __
acute respiratory infection
C. diff spores can survive for how long on surfaces?
5 or more months, sometimes even years
What is VRE?
Vancomycin resistant enterococcus
What is a huge source of contamination?
Clothing, especially a physician’s white coat
