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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 6 Cardiology Pathology Pt 1 > Flashcards

Wk 6 Cardiology Pathology Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Coronary arteries branch from the __

A

aorta

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2
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Give cardiac cells oxygenated blood so that the heart can continue pumping

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3
Q

What causes coronary arteries to become clogged?

A

Atherosclerosis

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4
Q

What coronary artery is the most problematic for people with CAD?

A

Left anterior descending artery

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5
Q

What is the left anterior descending artery often referred to as?

A

The widow maker

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6
Q

What is the widow maker?

A

The left anterior descending artery

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7
Q

What part of the heart does the left anterior descending artery feed?

A

Left ventricle

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8
Q

What is the left ventricle often referred to as?

A

Powerhouse of the heart

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9
Q

What is the main function of the left ventricle?

A

Feeds the body, determines perfusion to body

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10
Q

What happens when the left anterior descending coronary artery becomes clogged?

A

A lot of people end up dying (widow maker)

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11
Q

Where is the left anterior descending coronary artery?

A
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12
Q

What are the 3 main problems you can have with the heart?

A

Electrical (conduction)

Plumbing (Artery blockage, spasm, of valve issues)

Pump (heart muscle)

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13
Q

What is stable angina?

A

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that causes heart muscle cells to die

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14
Q

Not everyone who has CAD has had a __ __

A

heart attack, but it does put you at very high risk for MI

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15
Q

5 non-modifiable risk factors for CAD

A

Age

Family History

Gender

Ethnicity

Genetics

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16
Q

Who is more likely to get CAD earlier in life?

A

Men

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17
Q

When do women have the same risk of getting CAD as men?

A

After menopause

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18
Q

What hormone is thought to have a protective effect against CAD and atherosclerosis?

A

Estrogen

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19
Q

What races are more likely to have atherosclerosis/CAD? (3)

A

African Americans

Hispanics

Native Americans

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20
Q

What ethnicity is more likely to die from CAD compared to other ethnicities?

A

Black/African Americans

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21
Q

What are 7 modifiable risk factors for CAD?

A

HTN

Smoking

DM

Obesity

Diet

Hyperlipidemia

Depression/Stress

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22
Q

__ has a direct effect on endothelial cell walls in the coronary arteries

A

Smoking

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23
Q

Nicotine stimulates __ which increases hyperlipidemia and hypertension

A

catecholamines

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24
Q

How does diabetes contribute to CAD?

A

Insulin resistance damages the endothelium artery linings, increases inflammation

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25
Q

What type of obesity in particular increases the risk of CAD?

A

Android obesity

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26
Q

What diet is protective against CAD?

A

DASH

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27
Q

What is the most important modifiable risk factor for CAD?

A

Hyperlipidemia

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28
Q

What heart issue is a “plumbing” issue?

A

Ischemic heart problems

29
Q

What is the etiology of ischemic heart problems?

A

Atherosclerosis develops in the arteries that supply the myocardium, they become blocked which causes decreased tissue perfusion

30
Q

What is the end result of ischemic heart problems?

A

Endothelial dysfunction, the heart must work harder to pump

31
Q

__ __ is a major contributor to CAD and MIs

A

Endothelial dysfunction

32
Q

In coronary endothelial dysfunction, the vessels aren’t necessarily blocked but are…

A

Narrowed when they are supposed to dilate

33
Q

Coronary artery disease is thought to be result inappropriate hormones in the body such as.. (4)

A

DM

HTN

HPL
Smoking

34
Q

A combination of what two things leads to decreased blood flow to the heart from the coronary arteries?

A

Endothelial dysfunction (don’t dilate)

Plaque accumulation

35
Q

What is the main symptom of CAD?

A

Angina

36
Q

CAD symptoms may be

A

not apparent

37
Q

What causes an MI?

A

A complete occlusion of the coronary arteries

38
Q

What are the symptoms of CAD? (9)

A

Angina

Heartburn

Irregular HR

Weakness

Dizziness

Anxiety

Nausea

Cold sweat

Burning sensation

39
Q

Where might a patient with CAD experience a burning sensation?

A

Chest, shoulder, or abdominal region

40
Q

What is stable angina?

A

Coronary blood flow is diminished but not completely blocked

41
Q

When does stable angina occur?

A

When there is an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium

42
Q

What provokes/relieves stable angina?

A

It’s brought on by exertion and relieved by rest

43
Q

When does unstable angina occur?

A

At rest

44
Q

What can often be a precursor to experiencing angina?

A

Eating a large meal

45
Q

Angina is often mistaken for what?

A

Heartburn

46
Q

What type of angina is severe and of new onset?

A

Unstable angina

47
Q

What type of angina occurs in a cresendo - decrescendo pattern?

A

Stable angina

48
Q

What type of angina occurs in a decrescendo pattern?

A

Unstable angina

49
Q

How long does unstable angina last?

A

Greater than 10 minutes

50
Q

How long does stable angina last?

A

2-5 minutes

51
Q

What is important to do when determining the cause of angina?

A

Exclude the heart being the cause before looking at other causes

52
Q

What is the difference between cardiac and non-cardiac chest pain?

A

Cardiac = pressure or tightness

Non-cardiac= sharp or stabbing

53
Q

Which chest pain is poorly localized?

A

Cardiac

54
Q

Which chest pain IS localized?

A

Non-cardiac

55
Q

What is cardiac chest pain associated with?

A

Physical exertion or other stress

56
Q

What is angina most often caused by?

A

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

57
Q

Prolonged angina may present what acute syndrome?

A

Myocardial infarction

58
Q

What 3 anatomical places are associated with angina?

A

Left arm

Jaw

Shoulder

59
Q

What 2 signs might you see on a patient with angina?

A

Diaphoresis

Pallor

60
Q

Women may experience what instead of chest pressure or pain?

A

Hot or burning sensation

Tenderness

61
Q

A woman experiencing a MI may not have…

A

Pain in the chest

62
Q

What are the 6 nonspecific symptoms a woman may experience during a MI/coronary atherosclerosis

A

Indigestion

Heartburn

Nausea

Fatigue/Weakness

Light-headedness

Dyspnea

63
Q

What are the possible areas a patient will experience pain during a myoardial infarction? (5)

A

Radiating pain of..

Neck

Jaw

Upper abdomen

Shoulders

Arm

64
Q

Myocardial infarction pain is NOT brought on by…

A

exertion

65
Q

Myocardial infarction pain is usually accompanied by what symptoms? (3)

A

N/V

SOA

Diaphoresis

66
Q

If someone is experiencing a myocardial infarction, the pain will NOT be…

A

Relieved in 2-5 minutes or by resting

67
Q

Why do we recommend a patient sit down if they are experiencing stable angina?

A

Because we want to decrease oxygen demand on the heart

68
Q

What medication do we give for stable angina?

A

Nitrates

69
Q

What 3 things do we do for stable angina?

A

Stop smoking

Treat HTN

Treat hyperlipidemia

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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