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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 1 URI > Flashcards

Wk 1 URI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the upper respiratory conducting passages?

A

Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx

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2
Q

What are the low respiratory conducting passages?

A

Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

Allergic rhinitis is also known as

A

Seasonal allergies or hay fever

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4
Q

Allergic rhinitis is an __ disorder

A

Inflammatory

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5
Q

What structures can allergic rhinitis affect?

A

Upper airways, nasal passages, AND lower airways

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6
Q

The same allergens that can trigger allergic rhinitis can also trigger __.

A

asthma

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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

A

sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, nasal congestion, and watery, itchy eyes

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8
Q

What is rhinorrhea?

A

thin, mostly clear nasal drainage

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9
Q

What is pruritus?

A

itching

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10
Q

Allergic rhinitis is triggered by allergens that bind to what type of antibodies?

A

IgE

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11
Q

What type of cells are the antibodies located that trigger allergic rhinitis?

A

mast cells

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12
Q

Give examples of environmental triggers for allergic rhinitis

A

dust mites, mold

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13
Q

In allergic rhinitis, when the antigen binds with the antibody on the mast cell, what happens next?

A

inflammatory mediators are released

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14
Q

What is the inflammatory mediator that is responsible for the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

A

histamine

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15
Q

Causes the majority of symptoms associated with allergic reactions

A

histamine

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16
Q

What can cause allergic reactions?

A

Drugs, food, interactions with the environment

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17
Q

What is the medical name for hives?

A

urticaria

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18
Q

Where is histamine stored?

A

mast cells and basophils

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19
Q

Where are mast cells located?

A

skin and soft tissue

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20
Q

Where are basophils located?

A

blood

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21
Q

Release of activated histamines can cause dilation of blood vessels resulting in __ and __.

A

erythema and hypotension

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22
Q

Release of activated histamines can cause bronchoconstriction which leads to __.

A

dyspnea

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23
Q

Why are patients with indigestion given antihistamines?

A

Histamine increases the secretion of acid in the stomach

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24
Q

What are signs specific to a bacterial URI?

A

White spots on tonsils, swollen tonsils, red throat, swollen uvula, gray furry tongue

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25
Q

What are signs specific to a viral URI?

A

Red swollen throat and tonsils

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26
Q

8 examples of upper respiratory infections

A

1) Viral
2) Self-limiting disorders
3) Rhinitis
4) Sinusitis
5) Laryngitis
6) Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
7) Acute bronchitis
8) Influenza

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27
Q

What is the common cold called?

A

Rhinitis

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28
Q

How is rhinitis spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

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29
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

A

Low grade fever, headache, fatigue, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, cough

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30
Q

Sinusitis is often __.

A

bacterial

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31
Q

Sinusitis if usually a __ infection.

A

secondary

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32
Q

Sinusitis can happen if there is some sort of blockage in the…

A

drainage of the sinuses (bacteria can harbor)

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33
Q

What can increase the risk of sinusitis?

A

Anything that is put up the nose, like NG tubes

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34
Q

Why would an NG tube put a patient at higher risk for sinusitis?

A

Because the tube can block the drainage of the sinuses

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35
Q

What virus is typically the cause for the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

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36
Q

How long can the rhinovirus live outside the body?

A

3 hours

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37
Q

Where can rhinovirus live outside the body?

A

On the skin and on objects (door knobs)

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38
Q

How does rhinovirus spread?

A

Droplet and through touch of contaminated objects

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39
Q

What are the symptoms of sinusitis?

A

Pain around the eyes and jaw
Cloudy green/yellow discharge
Congestion
Throat irritation

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40
Q

Why is sinusitis hard to treat with antibiotics?

A

Hard for drugs to get into the sinuses

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41
Q

How long does it take to treat a sinus infection?

A

7 or more days

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42
Q

What is the best way to treat sinusitis?

A

Decongestions, increased fluid intake to keep secretions thin

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43
Q

Inflammation and infection of the pharynx

A

pharyngitis

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44
Q

What parts are included in the pharynx?

A

palate, tonsils, uvula

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45
Q

Pharyngitis can be __ or __ or __

A

viral or bacterial or fungal

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46
Q

How to test for pharyngitis

A

cultures and rapid strep test

47
Q

Fungal pharyngitis is not usually seen unless that patient is __

A

immunocompromised, such as medications, disease processes

48
Q

Inflammation of the vocal cords

A

Laryngitis

49
Q

Who develops croup?

A

Children

50
Q

What does croup involve?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchioles

51
Q

Medical name for croup

A

laryngotracheobronchitis

52
Q

What is distinct about croup?

A

Children will have a “bark like” cough

53
Q

If you listen to the lungs of a child with croup, what sound might you hear?

A

Stridor and expiratory wheezing

54
Q

Inflammation of the bronchial tree

A

acute bronchitis

55
Q

What is most notable about acute bronchitis?

A

Cough and increased sputum production

56
Q

What color is the sputum for acute bronchitis?

A

Clear to yellow

57
Q

Acute bronchitis is often __.

A

viral

58
Q

What are the main types of influenza?

A

A, B, C

59
Q

What are the notable symptoms of influenza?

A

Rapid onset of fever, chills, and body aches

60
Q

What is the biggest problem with influenza?

A

The secondary infection of pneumonia

61
Q

What helps get mucus out of the bronchioles?

A

Cilia

62
Q

What is the tissue that sits on top of the vocal cords?

A

Epiglottis

63
Q

What is the clinical diagnosis for epiglottitis?

A

Inspiratory stridor and retractions

64
Q

What are respiratory retractions?

A

when the area between the ribs and in the neck sinks in when a person attempts to inhale

65
Q

How is croup differentiated from epiglottitis?

A

Croup has the distinct barking cough and epiglottitis has the distinct drooling

66
Q

Why does someone with epiglottitis drool?

A

They are unable to swallow the secretions in their mouth

67
Q

What are other symptoms of epiglottitis?

A

Rapid onset of fever, pain, and difficulty swallowing

68
Q

What is the steeple sign?

A

The steeple sign, also called the wine bottle sign, refers to the tapering of the upper trachea on a frontal chest radiograph reminiscent of a church steeple.

69
Q

If someone has a steeple sign, what does that indicate?

A

Epiglottitis

70
Q

What is the MOA of antihistamines?

A

Block histamine release from receptors

71
Q

What are the indications for antihistamines?

A

Allergies, cold and flu symptoms, edema, itch, inflammation, rash, runny nose, etc.

72
Q

What are first generation antihistamines used to treat?

A

Induce sleep, prevent motion sickness, reduce anxiety

73
Q

What are the side effects of first generation antihistamines?

A

Sedation, dry mouth, dizziness, low BP

74
Q

Why are second generation antihistamines much less sedating?

A

They don’t affect the receptors in the CNS

75
Q

What generation is diphenhydramine?

A

First generation antihistamine

76
Q

What is the brand name of diphenhydramine?

A

Benadryl

77
Q

What ways can diphenhydramine be given?

A

IM, IV, or PO

78
Q

What should you teach patients about taking Benadryl?

A

Avoid alcohol and use caution when driving

79
Q

Why should a patient taking diphenhydramine avoid alcohol?

A

Compounds sedative effects

80
Q

What are the 3 second generation antihistamines?

A

Cetirizine (Zytrec)
Loratadine (Claritin)
Fexofenadine (Allegra)

81
Q

What type of drug is cetirizine?

A

a second generation antihistamine

82
Q

What type of drug is loratadine?

A

a second generation antihistamine

83
Q

What type of drug is fexofenadine?

A

a second generation antihistamine

84
Q

What is the brand name for cetirizine?

A

Zytrec

85
Q

What is the brand name for loratadine?

A

Claritin

86
Q

What is the brand name for fexofenadine?

A

Allegra

87
Q

What route is cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine?

A

PO

88
Q

What should you use for an acute exacerbation of allergies?

A

diphenhydramine to get symptoms under control and then second generation antihistamines to maintain control

89
Q

What are sympathomimetics?

A

Decongestants

90
Q

What are the indications for sympathomimetics?

A

reduce nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and the common cold

91
Q

What is the MOA for sympathomimetics?

A

Mimics the action of the SNS, activates alpha1-adrenergic receptors

92
Q

What do sympathomimetics do to our physiology?

A

Causes vasoconstriction, causing turbinates to shrink and open nasal passages

93
Q

What are the side effects of sympathomimetics?

A

Agitation, insomnia, anxiety, tachycardia, heart palpitations (all related to CNS stimulation)

94
Q

When should patients stop taking sympathomimetics?

A

After 4 days

95
Q

What happens if a patients stops taking sympathomimetics after prolonged use?

A

Rebound nasal congestion

96
Q

Why is pseudoephedrine kept behind the counter at pharmacies?

A

It is the primary ingredient in meth, and has high potential for abuse

97
Q

What type of drug is pseudoephedrine?

A

sympathomimetic

98
Q

What type of drug is phenylephrine?

A

sympathomimetic

99
Q

What are cough suppressants?

A

Antitussives

100
Q

What is the MOA for antitussives

A

Directly inhibits the cough reflex in the brain

101
Q

What is the route for antitussives?

A

PO - syrups, sprays, lozenges

102
Q

What two opioids are cough suppressants?

A

Codeine and hydrocodone

103
Q

What type of drug is coedine?

A

Antitussive/opioid

104
Q

What type of drug is dextromethorphan?

A

Antitussive

105
Q

What type of drug is benzonatate?

A

Antitussive

106
Q

What type of drugs should you not take with Benadryl and why?

A

Antitussives because they are both CNS depressants

107
Q

What antitussive drugs are subject to abuse?

A

dextromethorphan and codeine

108
Q

What happens if you abuse dextromethorphan?

A

Taken in high doses it have PCP like effects (hallucinations, psychosis)

109
Q

What drug is an expectorant?

A

guaifenesin (mucinex)

110
Q

What are the indications for expectorants?

A

decrease mucus in colds, bronchitis, etc.

111
Q

What is the MOA for expectorants?

A

reduction in surface tension of secretion helping thin the mucus making it easier to expectorate

112
Q

What are the side effects for guaifenesin?

A

Very few, some people experience mild GI distress

113
Q

What teaching point for guaifenesin?

A

Encourage fluids to help thin those secretions

114
Q

What should you be cautious of with guaifenesin?

A

Don’t use in patients with asthma or chronic cough because the medication is not meant for prolonged use

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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