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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 3 Nephrolithiasis > Flashcards

Wk 3 Nephrolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical term for kidney stones?

A

nephrolithiasis

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2
Q

Lithos =

A

stone

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3
Q

Calculi =

A

something accidental that doesn’t belong in the body

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4
Q

What 4 parts of the urinary system can become obstructed?

A

Urethra
Bladder
Ureters
Kidneys

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5
Q

Where in the kidneys does an obstruction typically occur?

A

Renal pelvis where urine gets collected and drained to the ureters

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6
Q

The complete an occlusion the more…

A

destruction can occur

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7
Q

The closer the occlusion is to the kidneys…

A

the more damage can be done to the kidneys

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8
Q

What an a reason a man might have back flow into the bladder?

A

An occlusion caused by an enlarged prostate

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9
Q

The longer the blockage has been there the…

A

more damage and inflammation

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10
Q

What would an occlusion in the renal pelvis be caused by?

A

Renal calculi

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11
Q

What 3 reasons would cause an occlusion in the ureter?

A

Renal calculi
Pregnancy
Tumors

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12
Q

What are renal calculi?

A

Kidney stones

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13
Q

What causes the severe pain associated with kidney stones?

A

When the stones move, especially in the ureter

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14
Q

Why is pregnancy a possible reason for an occlusion of the ureter?

A

A large fetus in a certain position can obstruct the ureter

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15
Q

5 reasons for an obstruction of the bladder and urethra

A 
Bladder cancer
Neurogenic bladder
Prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate cancer
Urethral strictures
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16
Q

What are urethral strictures?

A

Scarring that narrows the urethra

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17
Q

What is neurogenic bladder?

A

A condition in which problems with the nervous system affect the bladder and urination

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18
Q

What can cause neurogenic bladder?

A

Conditions like stoke, Parkinson’s disease, spinal injuries

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19
Q

What might cause urethral strictures?

A

Repeated catheterizations, for example someone with neurogenic bladder who has to repeat cath themselves

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20
Q

What is a potential complication of an occlusion?

A

Stasis of urine flow

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21
Q

What is the problem with urine stasis?

A

Puts the patient at risk for infection

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22
Q

What are three complications of back-up pressure?

A

Hydroureter
Hydronephrosis
Postrenal acute kidney injury

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23
Q

What is hydroureter?

A

Dilation of the ureter due to obstruction of urine outflow

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24
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Swelling of one or both kidneys

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25
Q

What is post acute kidney injury?

A

When an obstruction in the urinary tract below the kidneys causes waste to build up in the kidneys

26
Q

If there is an obstruction in the renal pelvis, will there be as much pain as the ureter?

A

No because there is more room for a stone

27
Q

Manifestations of an acute obstruction depends on which three factors?

A

Site
Cause (ex: kidney sontes, prostate problems)
Speed of onset

28
Q

Which factor primarily determines the severity of pain?

A

Site, is the site large enough for the blockage?

29
Q

What is the definition of nephrolithiasis?

A

Crystals form in the urinary tract and form a stone-like object

30
Q

Where do these crystals form?

A

In the renal pelvis

31
Q

Who is at higher risk for kidney stones, men or women?

A

Men

32
Q

What age range is typical for kidney stones?

A

20s-30s

33
Q

What race is more prone to kidney stones?

A

White

34
Q

What effect does weather have on the risk of developing kidney stones?

A

Hot weather can cause dehydration, urine is more concentrated and stays longer in the body and initiates form of crystals

35
Q

What are two other risk factors for kidney stones?

A

Family history

Obesity

36
Q

The etiology of nephrolithiasis (the stones themselves) depend on what three factors?

A

Individual risk factors
Characteristics of the urine (diet, medications)
Type of stone being formed

37
Q

What are the three types of kidney stones?

A

Calcium oxalate
Struvite “Staghorn”
Uric acid

38
Q

75% of stones formed in the urinary tract are what type?

A

Calcium oxalate

39
Q

What are four reasons a patient might develop calcium oxalate kidney stones?

A

Family history
Idiopathic
Hypercalcemia
Hyperoxaluria

40
Q

What is hyperoxaluria?

A

Too much oxalate in your urine

41
Q

What is oxalate?

A

A waste product produced by the body and excreted in the urine

42
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

High calcium in the blood

43
Q

Why is a struvite kidney stone called a “Staghorn”?

A

It takes on the shape of the renal pelvis, resembles horns

44
Q

What is a risk factor for developing a struvite kidney stone?

A

UTIs

45
Q

How does a UTI cause a struvite kidney stone?

A

Bacteria breaking down products in the urine

46
Q

What is a risk factor for a uric acid kidney stone?

A

Gout

47
Q

How do the crystals form in urine?

A

When urine becomes super saturated with solutes, crystals begin forming in the nephron

48
Q

What two factors enhance crystal formation?

A

Dehydration

Immobility/sedentary lifestyle

49
Q

How does a struvite kidney stone exit the body?

A

They are often too large to pass and must be surgically removed

50
Q

What is acute renal colic?

A

A wave-like flank pain that comes and goes as the ureter is trying to pass the kidney stone

51
Q

Where is the location of acute renal colic?

A

It starts along the flank and move down towards the groin

52
Q

What are 4 descriptor words of acute renal colic?

A

Radiation
Spasms
Intermittent
Sharp

53
Q

What are the 5 accompanying symptoms of acute renal colic?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
54
Q

Patients experiencing acute renal colic may avoid…

A

taking deep breaths because it intensifies the pain

55
Q

What drugs are given for the acute pain of kidney stones?

A

Morphine or NSAIDs

IV fluids

56
Q

Why do we give kidney stone patients IV fluids?

A

Dilute the urine, especially if they have poor PO intake due to nausea and vomiting

57
Q

What is a preventative medication for a patient who experienced recurrent calcium oxalate stones?

A

Thiazide diuretics

58
Q

What is a preventative medication for a patient who experiences recurrent struvite kidney stones?

A

Antibiotics

59
Q

What is a preventative medication for a patient who experiences recurrent urate kidney stones?

A

Allopurinol

60
Q

Why is allopurinol given to patients with uric acid kidney stones?

A

It’s given to treat gout, but also decreases the amount of uric acid in the body

61
Q

Why are antibiotics given to a patient who gets struvite kidney stones?

A

The bacteria is what is causing these stones to form, antibiotics will rid of the bacteria

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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