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BMS250 > wk 13, lec 1 > Flashcards

wk 13, lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Efferent ductules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

fucntion

A

move spermatozoa, fluid reasborption

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2
Q

epididymis function

A

H+ secretion, acidify luminal fluid

incapacitate spermatozoa; glycoconjugation

resevoir for mature sperm

phagocytosis of aging sperm

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3
Q

seminal vesicle function

A

secrete and store fructose rich product (energy substrate for sperm), prostaglandins, ascorbic acid, fibrinogen like and thrombin like proteins

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4
Q

prostate function

A

secrete and store fluid rich in acid phosphatase and protease

prostate specific antigen (PSA) to dissolute seminal fluid coagulation following ejaculation

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5
Q

bulbourethral (Cowper) glands function

A

secrete mucus (lubricant) into urethra upon arousal

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6
Q

cells in the testes

A

sertoli cells
leydig cells
germ cells

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7
Q

Sertoli cells functions

A

supports developing germ cells in spermatogenesis

create barrier to seperate germ cells from bloodstream (BTB)

phagocytose apoptotic germ cells to maintain quality of delveoping sperm

provides AMH during fetal development; helps to regress mullein ducts and differentiate male reproductive structures

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8
Q

Sertoli cells provide which hormone in fetal development

A

AMH

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9
Q

leydig cells -which hormones?

A

make testosterone

respond to LH

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10
Q

leydig cells

A

make and secrete testosterone

response to LH from anterior pituitary

regulate male secondary sexual characteristics

support spermatogenesis via andogenic environment

sexual function

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11
Q

germ cells are precursors of

A

spermatozoa

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12
Q

germ cells undergo devleopment in

A

spermatogenesis

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13
Q

germ cells include

A

spermatogonia, spermatocytes,
spermatids, and spermatozoa.

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14
Q

blood testis barrier

A

protect developing germ cells from immune attack

special envo for spermatogenesis

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15
Q

spermatogenesis

A

germ cell – spermatozoa

@ puberty

compartmentalized via blood testes barrier

FSH regulated

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16
Q

what hormone regulates spermatogenesis

A

FSH

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17
Q

controllers of spermatogenesis

A

controlled by FSH and testosterone

increase spermatogonia proliferation
increase sertoli angdrogen binding protein

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18
Q

4 stages of spermatogenesis

A
  1. proliferation of spermatogonia (stem cells)
  2. meiosis: spermatocytes –> spermatids (23 chromosomes)
  3. speriogenesis: maturation and development –> spermatozoa (sperm)
  4. spermiation: release of mature sperm
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19
Q

spermatogenesis
1. Proliferation of Spermatogonia
Gives Rise to Spermatocytes

A

stem cells (spermatogenonia) in seminiferous tubule

originate at puberty (gonocytes proliferate)

1 or 2 divisons of spermatogonia to maintain stem cell pool

some stay in resting pool and other proliferate to give rise to primary spermatocytes

resting spermatogonia are dormant then join new proliferation cycle
–> always residual pool in testis to make sperm

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20
Q

spermatogenesis
2 & 3. Meiosis of Spermatocytes
Yields Spermatids

A

primary spermatocytes undergo 2 divisions

meiosis 1: makes 2 seocndary spermatocytes

meiosis 2: make spermatids (haploid cells; 23 chromosomes)

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21
Q

spermatogenesis
4. Spermiogenesis

A

maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa (via nuclear and cytoplasmic changes)

  1. spermatid condensation of nuclear material
  2. formation of the acrosome
  3. repositioning of the spermatid to allow formation and elongation of tail structures
  4. mitochondrial spiral formation
  5. removal of extraneous cytoplasm
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22
Q

acrosome development in sperm for

A

secretory vesicle - has enzymes for mucus penetration and fertilization

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23
Q

mitochondrial sheath around flagellum of sperm for

A

provide energy (fructose derived ATP) for flagellar movement

24
Q

Spermatogonia, spermatocytes,
spermatids, and spermatozoa

A

spermatogonia (germ cells under mitosis)

spermatocytes (diploid germ cells undergo meiosis)

spermatids (haploid via meiosis II)

spermatozoa (mature gametes that can be fertilized)

25
factors effecting spermatogeneiss
temperature radiation chemical expsoures diet exercise stress hormonal imabalnce genetic disorders infections
26
hormonal regulation of speramtogensis hypothalamus? AP? testes?
GnRH in hypothalamus FSH and LH in anteriori pituitary testosterone and inhibin B in testes
27
FSH binds which cells in testes
Sertoli cells --> activated --> proliferate and differentiate of spermatogonia
28
negative feedback of FSH via
inhibin in Sertoli cells when sperm production at optimal levels
29
LH acts on
leydig cells
30
LH vs FSH act on
LH- leydig cells FSH- sertoli cells
31
LH impact on sperm
bind leydig cells which make testosterone testosterone needed for spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics
32
testosteorne functions
spermatogenesis libido erectile function secondary sex characteristics
33
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis regulates testosterone
inhibits GnRH and LH secretion when high stimulates FSH and LH secretion when levels are low
34
modulators of spermatogenesis
growth factors: IGF1, FGF, ECF cytokines (tissue develop): ILs, TNFa paracrine/autocrine signals: retinoid acid and prostaglandins;
35
micronutrients for sperm
Zinc, selenium, and vitamin D needed in spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and DNA integrity
36
scrotal pain
many causes pt history: onset, pain location , after sex? at night? trauma? sx: fever? N/V? discharge?
37
causes of scrotal pain
non acute w mass: cyst, cancer non acute w no mass: prostatitis, epipdymzitis acute w trauma: testicular rupture or torsion acute >20yoa, fever, ab pain: appendicitis acute >20yoa, fever, dysuria: epidymsitis, prostatitis acute <20yoa, sudden: testicular torsion ETCCC chart on slide 34
38
testosterone--> estradiol via what enzyme and whats the effect
CYP19 aromatase acts on bone; epiphyseal closure, icnreased density libido
39
testosterone--> dihydrotestosterone via what enzyme and whats the effect
5 alpha reductase external genitialia: differentiation during gestation, maturation during puberty, adulthood prostatic disease hair follicles: increase growth during puberty
40
testosterone act on androgen receptors; what impact
internal genitlaia: wolfing development during gestation skeletal muscle: increased mass and strength during puberty erythropoiesis, bone growth
41
which cells make testosterone
leydig cells
42
what stimulates leydig cells to make testosterone
LH
43
testosterone production rhythms
circadian- peak in early morning
44
hypogonadiam
low testosterone Causes impaired spermatogenesis and dysfunction of male reproductive system decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, infertility, and fatigue, decreased bone density, increased body fat
45
primary (hypergonadotrophic) vs secondary (hypogonadotropic) hypogonadism
primary: testicular failure; --> genetic disorders (i.e. Klinefelter’s) testicular trauma, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or infections secondary: from dysfunction of hypothalamus or pituitary (decreased GnRH, LH, FSH) -->pituitary tumours, hypothalamic dysfunction, head trauma, and certain medications
46
hormones in primary vs secondary hypogonadism
primary: increase GnRH, LH, FSH and decrease sex steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) secondary: primary: decrease GnRH, LH, FSH and decrease sex steroids (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
47
testosterone and metabolic function
low T has central adiposity low T has insulin resistnace high T to increase muscle mass T changes gene expression, improves glucose uptake, promotes lipolysis TRT to help with obesity and insulin
48
testosterone to make male sex differentation
Male Genitalia: T stimulates the differentiation of the genital tubercle into the penis, the urogenital folds into the penile urethra, and the labioscrotal swellings into the scrotum Wolffian Duct Development: T induces the differentiation and development of the Wolffian ducts into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. DHT is particularly important for the differentiation of the prostate gland
49
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS):
XY chromosomes but external genitialia appear female or ambiguous despite having testes internally
50
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH):
overproduce adrenal androgens --> virilization of external genitialia in females
51
5-alpha-reductase Deficiency
cant convert testosterone into DHT --> ambiguous genitalia at birth that may virile during puberty
52
FSH acts on
Sertoli cells --> make cells produce growth factors and proteins for sperm maturation
53
testostostone made by and acts on
made by leydig cells (spermatogenesis) act on Sertoli cells and germ cells for proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of sperm cells
54
sperm cell development stages and impact of androgens
spermatogonial phase: androgens to proliferate and maintain spermatogonia (stem cells for sperm) meiotic phase: androgens for divison and progression of spermatocytes to spermatids spermiogenesis: androgen to regulate gene expression and protein synthesis (i.e. nuclear condensation, acrosome formation, tail elongation)
55
testosterone biosynthesis pathway
cholesterol --> pregnenolone --> progesterone --> 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone --> androstenedione --> testosterone --> DHT (via 5a-reductase)
56

BMS250 (52 decks)

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