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week 2 lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deep

A

CLGSB

stratum corner
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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2
Q

most superficial layer of epidermis

A

stratum croneum

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3
Q

function of stratum corneum

A

prevent microbe penetration, mechanical protection, prevent dehydration

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4
Q

what is stratum corner made up

A

dead skin cells with keratin and filaggrin (form macrofibrils)

held together by tight junctions and desmosomes

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5
Q

where is stratum lucidum found

A

thick skin: palms, soles, digits

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6
Q

function and cells in stratum lucidum

A

protection and dead cells (like stratum corneum; its just below it)

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7
Q

cells of stratum granulosum

A

living cells with keratin and fillagrin

lamellar granules - lipid rich layered granules that help reduce water loss

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8
Q

thickest layer of epidermis

A

stratum spinosum

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9
Q

which epidermis layer is keratin, proto-fillagrin and proteins synthesized

A

stratum spinosum

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10
Q

what are thicker bundles of keratin called and linked to?

A

Thick bundles of keratin called tonofibrils are linked to desmosomes

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11
Q

deepest epidermal layer

A

stratum basale

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12
Q

where are the stem cells for the epidermis

A

stratum basale

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13
Q

function of stratum basale

A

-melanocytes
-sensory receptors
-resident immune cells; langerhans cells

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14
Q

2 dermal layers

A

papillary layer (superficial)
reticular layer

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15
Q

whats in the papillary layer of the dermis

A

loose CT with elastic fibers, type III and I collagen

papilla; vascularized fingers to extend into and interlock with epidermis

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16
Q

reticular layer of dermis CT type

A

dense irregular CT- type 2 collagen

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17
Q

thickest layer of skin

A

reticular layer of dermis

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18
Q

reticular vs papillary layer of dermis CT

A

papillary- loose CT with elastic fibers, type III and I collagen

reticular- dense irregular CT with elastic fibers, type I collagen

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19
Q

reticular layer of dermis contrains

A

▪ Hair follicles, sensory receptors
▪ Nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics
▪ Sebaceous and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
▪ Smooth muscle cells, some adipose tissue

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20
Q

T cell activation steps

A

T cell receptor interacts with HLA2 on APC (antigen presenting cell)

CD4 co-receptor interacts with HLA-2

costimulatory interaction: CD28 (T cell) and CD80 (or 86) on APC

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21
Q

T cell polarization slide 11 chart

A

i.e. IL2 and TGF beta turn into T reg cell which then secretes IL 10 and TGF beta

I.e. IL 12 turns into TF cell

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22
Q

3 types of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

A

NK cells
NKT cells
resident ILCs

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23
Q

NK cells

A

cytotoxic monitor of
and responder to abnormal-looking or stressed cells

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24
Q

3 types of ILCs

A

type 1: Th1 cell development and type 1 response

type 2: Th2 cell delvopment and type 2 response

type 3: effective against extracellular bacteria, also contribute to lymphoid tissue development at the barrier

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25
ILCs and cytokines
ILC1: secrete IFNy and TNFa ILC2: secrete IL-4. IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 ILC3: secrete IL-22, IL-17, IFN-y
26
ILCs are derived from
lymphoid lineage (not myeloid)
27
what activates ILCs
ILC1= IL-12, IL-2 ILC2= alarmins, IL-2 ILC3= IL-1 beta, IL-23
28
what is IL-2 secreted by
Th cells
29
what is alarmin needed for
ILC2 type 2 response
30
alarming get released when
PRRs are activated on barrier tissue of epithelial cells aka early-release cytokine
31
ILC2 alarmins
IL-25, IL-33, TSLP
32
IL-25, IL-33, TSLP (alarmins) push the barrier tissue to
secrete TH2-type cytokines
33
ILC-2 cells secrete IL-17, IL22 to get a
Th17 like response
34
what supports ILC activation and survivla
IL-7
35
mast cells are derived from
granulocyte-monocyte progenitors
36
where do mast cells mature
in peripheral tissues that they migrate to (leave the bone marrow undifferentiated)
37
what promotes survival and migration of mast cells wat inhibits it
survive: high IgE circulating, IL-4, IL-33 die: IFN-y
38
how long do mast cells live for
months in CT of barrier (ie.. dermis)
39
in the presence of an allergen --> IgE from B cells sensitizes mast cells and lead to what
degranulation causing an allergic rxn: histamine, serotonin, heparin, proteases, IL-4, TNF-alpha
40
mast cell activity steps
1. recruit mast cell to tissue 2. sensitize (PRRs, activating cytokines) --> receptors for IgE or express HLA-2 (APC) 3. stimulus causes degranulation (acute i.e. allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis) then chronic type II inflammation, IgE, C3a and C5a, PRR 4. 3 options: fully resolve, type II inflammation, or repair or fibrosis (via pro fibrotic growth factors)
41
mast cells in what type of inflammation
type II- Atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies
42
mast cells to defend against
parasites, worms, venoms
43
mast cells aren't always pro-infalmamtory
proteases that degrade cytokines IL-4 cause macrophages to do tissue repair
44
eosinophils are derived from
myeloid lineage
45
what cytokines causes proliferation and activation of eosinophils
IL-5
46
what causes migration of eosinophils from blood to peripheral tissue
eotaxin and alarmins that activate ILC-2 cells (TSLP, IL33, IL25)
47
eosinophils accumulate in what type of inflammation
acute, chronic type II and atherosclerotic plaques
48
length of eosinophils
days; short lived
49
granule content in eosinophils
major basic protein - cationic protein (degranulation of mast cells, activate complement, increase membrane permeability) eosinophil peroxidase (free radical generator) cytokines- IL-4, IL-13, TNF alpha (pro inflam) - sometimes IL-10 (anti-inflam)
50
1st responders to inflammation
neutrophils
51
neutrophils length
short lived; 12 hours- a couple days
52
neurotphil functions
phagocytosis, release mediators, NETs
53
whats in neutrophil granules
defensins and cathelicidins --> pores form --> lysis cathepsin (target microbes) lysozyme (glyocoside hydrolase to kill gram + bacteria) lactoferrin (iron-binding protein interfere with iron metabolism in microbes) myeloperoxidase (free radicals to attack phagosome)
54
what is a NET
neutrophil extraceullar trap -when neutrophils lyse and release their DNA into ECF get bacteria trapped in the chromatin histones are toxic got bacteria
55
classic vs alternative macrophage activation
classic: induced by microbial products and IFNy which causes phagocytes, destroy microbes and inflammation alternative: induced by IL13 and IL4 which causes tissue repair and anti-inflammatory
56
innate immune réponse
NK cells and type 1 IFNs if inadquedate then do adaptive immune reponse
57
type 1 interferons
innate immune to viral infection ; paracrine and autocrine IFNa and IFNb
58
NK cells activated by
type 1 interferons
59
NK cell activated
receptor mediated apoptosis via fas-fas ligand interaction secrete perforin and granzyme (holes in membrane and granzyme also activates BH3 apoptotic protein bid and caspase 3)
60
PRRs that bind PAMPs on bacteria
TLRs lectin, glucan extracellular receptors NOD-like receptors RIG-like receptors
61
innate immune functions of the skin
- physical barrier via tight junctions in stratum corneum, fillagrin to prevent moisture loss, low pH, keratinocytes secrete AMPs (i.e. defensin) keratinocytes direct immune response via TLRs and RIGs and release cytokines, alamrins (for ILCs) and chemokine)
62
types of psoriasis
- plaque psoriasis (most common) guttate psoriasis pusturlar psoriasis
63
where is plaque psoriasis found
extensors, scalp, palms, soles also nail involvement
64
plaque psoriasis appearance
Well-demarcated salmon-pink papules or plaques with a silvery-white scale that will bleed if picked off
65
onset of psoriasis
adolescent- early adulthood
66
guttate psoriasis location and causes
trunk/abdomen precipitated by streptococcal infection
67
pustular psoriasis location
palms and soles
68
psoriasis from what cytokines
dendritic cells that secrete IL-23 Th-17 cells (IL-17, recruit neutrophils, AMPs, cell proliferation of keratinocytes) ILC-3 (IL-17)
69
allergic contact dermatitis
non-anaphylactic and non-atopic “skin allergy” to something ▪ i.e. poison ivy, nickel, cosmetics
70
clinical features of allergic contact dermatitis
48 hours - days after exposure --> well-demarcated erythema and edema and ITCHING if chronic exposure then lichenification, scales, crust, erosions...
71
pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis
TLR and inflmmasome mediated activation of APC and T cells
72
what mediated allergic contact dermatitis
hapten (sticks to normal skin cells and make it look foreign --> adaptive immune response against host cells) hapten also activates inflammasome --> IL-1 secretions --> TH activated
73
adaptive immune réponse in allergic contact dermattiis
Th1 ------------------------ cytotoxic T cells and CD8 memory cells, dermal dendritic cells...

BMS250 (52 decks)

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