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KEY wk 9 lec 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of nephric system in embryp

A
  1. pronephros (induction)
  2. mesonephros (temporary filtration system)
  3. metanephros (primitive proper kidney)
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2
Q

pronephros

what week

from what somites

A

4-14th somites

disappear at 4th week

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3
Q

mesonephros

what week

devlelop into what

A

4-8 weeks

develop bowmans capsule and glomerulus

–> mesoneprhic duct

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4
Q

metanephros

forms

A

ureteral bud forms renal pelvis

outgrowth from renal pelvis form primitive collecting ducts

increase number of tubules as kidney group,

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5
Q

distal and proximal ends of metanephros become what

A

Distal Ends: Glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule

Proximal Ends: Coalesce with collecting tubules –> Distal & proximal tubules, loop of Henle

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6
Q

glomeruli are developed by what weeek

A

36

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7
Q

metaneprhos arise at which level and need to move up to which level by birth

what forms and regresses at each level

A

at L4 (28th somite) and need to go up to T12-L1

-transient lateral splanchnic arteries

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8
Q

2 problems with kidney ascent/ arterial form

A

get stuck in pelvis (ectopic kidney)

lower poles fuse together (horseshoe kidney)

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9
Q

kidney locations

A

under ribs, behind peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

innervation of kidney

A

renal plexus

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11
Q

urine flow

A

kidney pyramids (medulla) –> papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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12
Q

kidney pyrmaids divisions

A

medulla (inner and outer)

outer medulla subdivided into inner and outer stripe

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13
Q

kidney blood flow

A

renal artery
segmental artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
interlobular artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole

peritubular capillaries (associated with convoluted tubules) and vasa recta (associated with loop of henle)

interlobular vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein

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14
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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15
Q

nephron purpose

A

modify filtered fluid to form urine

also for hormonal action to regulate blood pressure and urine output

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16
Q

nephron starts at which artery and goes to which structure to deliver urine to for excretion

A

interlobular artery to renal papilla

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17
Q

renal corpuscle is made of 2 parts (for blood filtration)

where does filtration occur

what collects filtrate

A
  1. glomerus (capillaries where filtration occurs)
  2. bowmans capsule (collects filtrate)
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18
Q

vascular and tubular pole of renal corpuscle

A

vascular: blood enters and exits glomerulus

tubular: filtrate enters nephron tubules for processing

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19
Q

renal corpuscle structure

A

Capillaries (glomerulus) covered by epithelial cells (Bowman’s capsule).

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20
Q

arterioles for bowmans capsule at vascular pole

A

afferent arterioles towards glomerulus

efferent arterioles away from glomerulus

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21
Q

glomberulualr mesangial cells

podocytes

function? found in?

A

GMC: remove trapped material from basement membrane of capillaries, maintain filtration rate

podocytes: sieving role in filtration

(in renal corpuscle)

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22
Q

bowmans space

A

for urine collection (after filtered by glomerulus)

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23
Q

nephron- proximal convoluted tubule

A

start at tubular pole of bowman capsule and drain it

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24
Q

loop of henle- nephron

starts?

cells that mark the end of thick ascending limb and beginning of distal convoluted tubule?

A

start at border of outer and inner stripe of outer medulla

macula densa

25
cells of the distal convoluted tubule
macula densa
26
macula densa found where? function?
distal convoluted tubule salt sensors -asses kidney function: renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, endocrine functions (renin)
27
nephron collecting duct turn into what? drain into?
connecting tubules from several nephrons merge to form cortical collecting duct which enter medulla to become inner and outer medullary collecting ducts which merge into papillary collecting ducts empty into calyx and renal pelvis renal calyx is continuous with ureter
28
when does tubular fluid become urine and not get further altered
when enters the calyx
29
cells of the 2nd 1/2 of distal convoluted tubule
principal cells (respond to aldosterone; increase Na+ resorption, K+ secretion) intercalated cells (acid base balance)
30
prinicpal cells
respond to aldosterone; increase Na+ resorption, K+ secretion
31
intercalated cells
acid base balance
32
medullary collecting duct is made of which cells and which function
inner medullary collecting-duct cells. --> Respond to ADH (reabsorption of water)
33
juxtaglomerular apparatus where
when thick ascending limb meets macula densa
34
cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
granular cells: contain renin (granules) extraglomerula mesangila clels macula densa cells: salt sensors
35
granular cells contain
renin
36
functions of each part of nephron: - renal corpuscle (glomerulus and bowmans capsule) -proximal convoluted tubule -loop of henle (descending and ascending limb) -distal convoluted tubule -collecting duct
* Renal Corpuscle: § Glomerulus: Initial filtration of blood. § Bowman’s capsule: Collects initial filtrate. * Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Reabsorbs most of the filtered water, glucose, amino acids, and ions from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. * Loop of Henle: § Descending limb: Permeable to only water. As it descends into themedulla, water is reabsorbed, concentrating the fluid. § Ascending limb: Only transports ions out of the tubular fluid, contributing to the establishment of a concentration gradient in the medulla. * Distal Convoluted Tubule: Reabsorbs ions (aldosterone). * Collecting Duct: Water reabsorption (ADH) and ion balance.
37
proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule collecting duct what do they resorb?
proximal: resorb water, glucose, amino acids, ions distal: resorb ions (aldosterone) collecting: resorb water (ADH)
38
hormone in distal convulsed tubule and collecting duct to control urine output
distalCT: aldosterone (increase Na+ absorb, K+ secrete) CD: ADH (concentrates urine)
39
ureters pathway
(embryo: ureteric bud) from ureteropelvic junction --> anterior to iliac bifurcation--> anterior to psoas --> bladder via trigone
40
nerves in ureters
renal, testicular/ovarian and hypogastric plexuses sensory fibers @ T11-L2
41
3 constriction sites of ureters
- renal pelvis -pelvic brim anterior to bifurcation of common iliac artery -enterance to bladder
42
male ureters go along
ductus deferens and anterior to seminal vesicle
43
female ureters go
lateral to cervix, then inferior to uterine artery "water under the bridge" --> uterine artery is bridge and ureters is water
44
parts of urinary bladder
apex base; openings is trigone where ureters enter neck
45
3 muscles/ sphincters of urinary bladder
1. detrusor muscle (in wall) 2. internal urethral sphincter (at neck) 3. external urethral sphincter
46
SNS vs PNS innervation of muscles of bladder
SNS: relaxation of detrusor and contraction of internal urethral sphincter = store urine PNS: contraction of detrusor and relaxation of internal urethral sphincter= pee
47
which sphincter is voluntary in the urinary bladder and whats it innervated by
external urethral sphincter; pudendal nerve (S2-S4)
48
muscle type in internal and external urethral sphincter; which is voluntary and involuntary
internal: smooth muscle external: skeletal muscle, voluntary The external urethral sphincter is a skeletal muscle located around the urethra that provides voluntary control over the release of urine from the bladder. Unlike the internal urethral sphincter (which is smooth muscle and involuntary), the external urethral sphincter allows for conscious control of urination.
49
PNS and SNS innervation of urinary bladder
PNS: s2-s4 spinal cord SNS: sacral splanchnic nerves
50
micturition reflex
1. bladder distends when urine fills 2. visceral sensory fibers relay stretch to s2-s2 spinal cord via pelvic splanchnic nerves 3. pelvic splanchnic nerves enter inferior hypogastric plexus, where they synapse with postganglionic PNS fibers 4. detrusor muscle contracts + internal urethral sphincter relaxes 5. somatic motor neurosn in pudendal nerve cause relaxation of external urethral sphincter and contraction of bulbospongiosus muscles; expel last drop of urine from urethra
51
3 parts of male urethra
1. prostatic 2. membranous 3. penile/ bulbous
52
SLIDE 32 -35... honestly till slide 54,,,, not helpful... dont want to do lol
53
podocytes form
primary processes --> secondary processes to cover capillary surface
54
filtration slit pore are between
pedicels
55
proximal tubules histology of cells
central nuclei and very acidophilic cytoplasm because of the abundant mitochondria.
56
principal cells are rich in _____ for ____ transport
rich in aquaporins, the specific channel for water molecules,
57
3 layers of uters which are made of
mucosal, muscular and adventitial layers via urothelium (transitional epithelium)
58
cells in bladder
umbrella cells
59
uretha in males (SLIDE 52)
prostatic urethra (prostate gland) membranous urethra (through external sphincter) spongy urethra (in erectile tissue of penise)

BMS250 (52 decks)

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