Why were relations poor between the Latins and Byzantium between 1119 and 1149? Flashcards
Long-term events: What cultural differences existed before the First Crusade?
The Filoque Clause and the Great Schism (1054), along with Norman attacks on Bari (1071), Dyrrachium (1081), and Corfu (1081-84).
Papal support for Robert Guiscard was also significant.
Long-term events: How did the First Crusade affect relations with the Byzantines?
The bitterness of the First Crusade haunted relations, including the actions of the crusaders and Alexius I’s role at Nicaea (1097) and his failure to join them.
Long-term events: What was Bohemond’s decision regarding Antioch?
Bohemond decided to keep possession of Antioch after its capture in 1098, which strained relations with Alexius and subsequent Byzantine emperors.
Long-term events: Why was Antioch significant to the Byzantines?
Antioch was heavily populated by Greeks and regarded as a key part of Byzantine defenses.
Long-term events: What change did Bohemond make in Antioch’s leadership?
Bohemond replaced the Greek patriarch of Antioch, John the Oxite, with a Latin patriarch, Bernard of Valence.
Long-term events: What were Tancred’s military actions in Antioch?
Tancred captured Mamistra, Adana, and Tarsus in 1101 and the key Byzantine port of Lattakieh in 1103, though the Byzantines recaptured them after the Franks were defeated at Harran in 1104.
Long-term events: What happened after Bohemond’s release from captivity in 1104?
Upon his release, Bohemond returned to Western Europe and gained papal support for a military campaign against the Byzantines.
Long-term events: What was the outcome of ‘Bohemond’s Crusade’?
‘Bohemond’s Crusade’ was crushed, leading him to sign a humiliating treaty (Devol, 1108) acknowledging Byzantine overlordship and the return of the Greek patriarch.
Long-term events: What changes occurred in the custody of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem?
Custody passed from Greek Christians to Latins, with Latin bishops imposed on Orthodox priests and a tax levied on indigenous Muslims, Jews, and Christians.
Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143): What was John II’s stance on the treaty with Venice in 1118?
John II refused to confirm his father’s 1082 treaty with Venice in 1118, along with lesser privileges the Pisans had acquired in 1111.
Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143): What actions did the Venetian fleet take in retaliation to John II’s refusal?
The Venetian fleet unsuccessfully besieged the Byzantine Island of Corfu in the winter of 1122-23 and plundered several islands in the Ionian Sea in 1124-25.
Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143): What treaty did John II sign with Venice in August 1126?
John II signed a treaty restoring all original commercial privileges from the 1082 agreement and exempted Byzantine merchants from the Kommerkion.
Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143): What were John II’s military campaigns aimed at restoring?
John II aimed to restore Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Syria, campaigning against the Danishmends between 1130 and 1135.
Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143): What happened after the defeat at the Field of Blood (1119)?
The remaining Franks of Antioch feared the Greek population due to past mistreatment, increasing John II’s desire to regain control over the city.
Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143): What was established regarding John II’s military plans in 1137-38?
If John II decisively defeated the Turks with Frankish help, Raymond of Antioch would receive a principality consisting of Aleppo, Shaizar, Hama, and Homs instead of Antioch.
Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143): What was the outcome of John II’s siege of Shaizar?
The siege collapsed because Raymond of Antioch and Joscelin II of Edessa had no interest in losing Antioch to the Byzantines.
Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143): What did Raymond of Antioch do after John II’s siege attempt?
Raymond secretly incited a revolt by the Franks of Antioch, forcing John II to leave the region.
The events of the Second Crusade: What was the situation during the Second Crusade regarding Byzantine support?
Crusaders believed Byzantines were working against them, as Manuel had made a twelve-year truce with the Seljuk Turks and failed to provide adequate support.
The events of the Second Crusade: What were the consequences of the lack of Byzantine support during the Second Crusade?
Both the Germans and the French suffered heavy losses in Anatolia, a territory previously secured by Byzantine support during the First Crusade.
The events of the Second Crusade (limitations): What was Manuel’s situation during the Second Crusade?
Manuel was facing invasion by the Normans in the west and had not asked for assistance, giving advice to the crusaders that was ignored.
The events of the Second Crusade (limitations): What relationship did Conrad III forge during the Second Crusade?
Conrad III forged an excellent relationship with Manuel I that outlasted the crusade.
