What was the greatest problem facing Outremer between 1099 and 1124? Flashcards
Hostile neighbours: Who captured Rafaniya from the Franks in 1105?
Tughtegin of Damascus captured Rafaniya from the Franks, razed the fortress, and had the garrison put to death.
When the Franks retook Rafaniya, Tughtegin triumphantly returned in 1115.
Hostile neighbours: What significant victory did Il-Ghazi of Aleppo achieve?
Il-Ghazi of Aleppo achieved a massive victory over Antioch at the Field of Blood in 1119.
Hostile neighbours: What actions did Jikurmush of Mosul take against the Franks?
Jikurmush of Mosul defeated the Franks at Harran in 1104.
Hostile neighbours: What was the Fatimid fleet’s role in the conflicts with the Franks?
The Fatimid fleet threatened coastal cities and held Tyre until 1124.
Hostile neighbours: How did the capture of Antioch affect relations with Byzantium?
Keeping Antioch after its capture led to poor relations with Alexius and subsequent emperors.
Hostile neighbours: What changes did Bohemond make in Antioch’s leadership?
Bohemond replaced the Greek patriarch of Antioch with a Latin one and imposed Latin bishops on Orthodox Greek priests.
Hostile neighbours: What territories did Tancred expand in 1101 and 1103?
Tancred expanded the Principality of Antioch by attacking and taking the Byzantine cities of Mamistra, Adana, and Tarsus in 1101, and the key port of Lattakieh in 1103.
Failures of crusading: What was a significant failure of the First Crusade?
The First Crusade faced a breakdown of relations with Byzantium and divisions between leaders.
Failures of crusading: What happened to the crusade of 1101?
A large part of the crusade was destroyed by the Turks at Mersivan, and the forces achieved very little.
Failures of crusading: What was the outcome of Bohemond’s crusade (1107-08)?
Bohemond’s crusade targeted the Byzantines, worsened relations, and ended with the humiliating Treaty of Devol.
Failures of crusading: What significant losses did the Franks suffer between 1111 and 1119?
Muslim leaders inflicted significant losses on the Franks, including at al-Sannabra in 1113 and the Field of Blood in 1119.
Failures of crusading: What issues did the Venetian Crusade face?
Relations with Byzantium declined due to Venetian attacks on Corfu and Byzantine Aegean Islands.
Lack of manpower: What was the situation regarding manpower after the First Crusade?
Most crusaders left Jerusalem, leaving only Godfrey and Tancred with limited forces. were only some 300 knights and 2,000 foot soldiers
Lack of manpower: Why was there a lack of recruitable native soldiers?
Most Eastern Christians were largely pacifistic, with only the Armenians having a reliable military tradition.
Lack of manpower: What was the significance of castles in the kingdom of Jerusalem?
Castles were important in places like Toron and Scandalion to compensate for a lack of manpower.
Lack of manpower: What geographical weaknesses did the kingdom of Jerusalem face?
The lack of clear physical barriers made the kingdom difficult to defend, despite castle construction.
Lack of manpower: What role did military orders play in the crusades?
Military orders like the Templars were established to help with manpower, but were small at the time.
Frankish divisions/failures: What conflicts existed between Frankish rulers?
There were notable conflicts between leaders like Tancred and Baldwin I, and Tancred and Raymond of Tripoli.
Frankish divisions/failures: What issues arose from Baldwin I’s marriage to Adelaide?
Baldwin I’s marriage to Adelaide was annulled due to bigamy accusations, leading to strained relations with Roger II of Sicily.
Frankish divisions/failures: What crises were caused by succession issues in the Frankish leadership?
Godfrey of Jerusalem and Baldwin I both died without surviving children, leading to the need for regents and important marriages.
