What was the nature of the relationship between the Franks of Outremer and indigenous populations? Flashcards
Integration: What was the relationship between Franks and the indigenous population before the 1950s?
According to French scholars, the Franks adopted the customs and practices of the indigenous population and had a respectful relationship.
Integration: What did Bush argue about the Franks and Muslim culture?
Bush argued that the Franks adopted local clothes because they were ‘seduced by Muslim culture’.
Integration: How did marriage to indigenous nobility affect the Franks in Edessa?
Marriage to women of the indigenous nobility was an important way for the newcomers to cement their rule over local populations: Baldwin I married Arda, Baldwin II married Morphia.
Integration: What was the status of intermarriage before the Council of Nablus in 1120?
Intermarriage between different faiths seems to have been generally allowed prior to the Council of Nablus in 1120. The Patriarch of Jerusalem oversaw such a marriage in 1114.
Integration: How did conflict affect trade between Franks and Muslims?
Although Outremer was in a near constant state of conflict, this seems to have had little impact on trade between the two groups.
Integration: What changes were made to Orthodox churches in the countryside?
Orthodox churches were enlarged and altered to provide for both the Roman and the Orthodox liturgy, with some shrines having sections for Muslims to pray.
Integration: What was the legal status of indigenous Christians in towns compared to the countryside?
Indigenous Christians who lived in towns enjoyed higher legal status than those in the countryside, enabling them to acquire wealth.
Integration: What existed before the Franks arrived on the First Crusade?
Trade between the different peoples of the East
This indicates that trade connections were established prior to the events of the First Crusade.
Integration: When was Ibn Jubayr’s account written?
Much later than the early period of trade
This suggests that his observations may not accurately represent the earlier trading practices.
Segregation: What was the segregation hypothesis proposed by Prawer and Smail?
Prawer and Smail argued that Outremer was highly segregated by religion and language, with the Franks deliberately isolating themselves from local populations.
Segregation: What happened to the Muslim population of Jerusalem in 1099?
The Muslim population of Jerusalem was massacred when the crusaders took the city in 1099, and Muslims were not permitted to live in Jerusalem.
Segregation: What cultural imposition did the Franks enforce on indigenous populations?
The Franks imposed their feudal culture and their superior position within it onto the indigenous populations.
Segregation: What did Tyreman argue about the Franks’ knowledge of their subjects?
Tyreman argued that the Franks had little knowledge of their subjects, failing to distinguish between different Christian groups.
Segregation: What initial ban did Arnulf, Patriarch of Jerusalem, enforce?
Arnulf initially banned non-Latin priests from the Holy Sepulchre.
Segregation: What were the decrees of the Council of Nablus (1120) regarding marriage?
The Council of Nablus forbade marriage between Christians and Muslims, with severe punishments for violations.
Segregation: What clothing restrictions were placed on Muslims?
Muslims were prohibited from wearing Frankish clothing.
Segregation: What was the political status of subject peoples in the kingdom of Jerusalem?
The subject peoples, whether Christian or Muslim, played no role in the public life of the state and had no representation in government.
Segregation: What does the limitation regarding the Council of Nablus suggest?
The fact that the Council went to lengths to ban relationships may reflect that such relationships had been taking place.
Toleration: What autonomy did subject peoples enjoy in self-government?
Subject peoples enjoyed autonomy in self-government through their own courts and following their own laws: Muslim villages could appoint a headman (ra’is) to supervise Islamic law.
Toleration: What customs were indigenous Christian groups allowed to observe?
Indigenous Christian groups were largely permitted to observe their own customs and traditions, with monasteries flourishing in Outremer.
Toleration: What was the status of Muslim worship in Tyre after its capture?
Muslims were allowed to practice their faith, and the mosque in Tyre was in full Muslim possession even after the city’s capture in 1124.
Toleration: What limitation existed regarding Greek Christians and Latin bishops?
Greek Christians were regarded as part of the same Church as the Latin/Roman one, leading to Latin bishops being imposed on Greek Orthodox congregations.
Toleration: What happened to some mosques in Jerusalem?
Some mosques, particularly those in Jerusalem, were converted into churches, such as the Dome of the Rock becoming the Templum Domini.
Toleration: When did Tyre become a part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Tyre only became a part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the end of this period.
