Why was there a lack of support for Outremer from the Latin West between 1149 and 1174? Flashcards
What civil war occurred in England between 1139 and 1153?
The civil war was between the forces of King Stephen and his cousin, Matilda. It was not fully resolved until 1154 when Matilda’s son became Henry II.
Who did Henry II marry and what was the significance?
Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine, the former wife of Louis VII of France. This marriage gained him her lands in France, contributing to the threat of the ‘Angevin Empire’ to the French king.
What were Henry II’s family ties to the crusader states?
Henry II had close family ties to the crusader states, especially Jerusalem, as his uncles were kings Baldwin III and Amalric I, and his grandfather was King Fulk.
What dispute distracted Henry II in the 1160s?
Henry II was involved in a bitter dispute with his archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, who was murdered in 1170, leading to blame placed on Henry.
What penance was Henry II ordered to perform after Becket’s murder?
Henry was ordered to provide 200 knights a year to serve with the Templars, send 2000 silver marks to the kingdom, and swear to take the cross for three years.
What undermined Henry II’s ability to perform his penance?
His ability to perform the penance was undermined by the rebellion of his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and sons in 1173-74 (Great Rebellion).
What impact did the failure of the Second Crusade have on crusading desire?
The failure of the Second Crusade in 1148 undermined the desire for a large crusading response, with letters to Louis VII going unanswered due to his humiliation.
What happened to Bernard of Clairvaux after the Second Crusade?
Bernard of Clairvaux, the major proponent of the Second Crusade, suffered reputational damage and his attempt to call a new crusade failed. He died in 1153.
What lifestyle did the Franks of Outremer enjoy?
The Franks of Outremer enjoyed a more luxurious and exotic lifestyle than most rulers of the Latin West, leading to jealousy and beliefs that they could defend themselves financially.
What issues did Pope Adrian IV face during his papacy?
Pope Adrian IV, the only English pope in history, was distracted by war against the Normans in southern Italy.
What were the relations between Pope Alexander III and Frederick I Barbarossa?
Pope Alexander III had very poor relations with Frederick I Barbarossa until 1176, with Frederick refusing to recognize Alexander’s authority and establishing rival popes.
What was the result of the papacy’s lack of power in crusading efforts?
The papacy was not powerful enough to persuade kings of the Latin West to crusade, as seen in 1169 when Pope Alexander III issued a crusading papal encyclical, Inter Omnia, with very little response.
