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APUSH > Western Jobs-Agricultural Issues > Flashcards

Western Jobs-Agricultural Issues Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

When was gold discovered in California?

A

late 1840s

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2
Q

where was gold discovered in 1858?

A

Pike’s Peak CO

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3
Q

How long did it normally take before the Fifty Niners took all the gold?

A

a month or two

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4
Q

What is the Comstock Lode?

A

Nevada
1859
Large amount of gold and silver worth more that $340 million was found there

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5
Q

Where were the smaller lucky strikes for gold?

A

MO
ID
other western states

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6
Q

What type of government seemed to rule in gold towns and what resulted?

A

Anarchy

Ghost towns

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7
Q

What happened after all the surface gold was found?

A

ore breaking machinery was brought in to break the gold bearing guartz (very expensive to do)

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8
Q

What was the first state to allow women suffrage and when?

A

WY 1869

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9
Q

What other states allowed for women suffrage and when?

A

UT 1870
CO 1893
ID 1896

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10
Q

What did mining also add to American arts?

A

folklore and American literature (Bret Harte and Mark Twain)

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11
Q

As cities back east boomed in the later half of the 19 centurary, what demand increased sharply?

A

food and meat

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12
Q

The problem of marketing meat profitably to public markets and cities were solved by what?

A

new transcontiental rr

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13
Q

What was cattle being shipped under to the stockyards?

A

beef barons like Swifts or Armours

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14
Q

What industry sprang up?

A

meat packaging

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15
Q

What is the Long Drive?

A

emerged to become a feeder of the slaughterhouses

Texas cowboys herded cattle across desolate land to railorad termals in KS

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16
Q

What were famous cattle stopovers?

A

Dodge City
Abilene
Ogallala
Cheyenne

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17
Q

Who was the Marsall for Dodge City who helped to maintain order?

A

Wyatt Earp

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18
Q

Who was the Marshal for Abilene?

A

James B Hickok

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19
Q

What did RRs do to the cattle hearding buisness?

A

made it prosper then destroyed it

brought sheepherders and homesteaders

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20
Q

Who invented the barbed wire fence and why?

A

Samuel Glidden

erased the open range days of the long cattle week

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21
Q

When was the blizzard that left cattle starving and freezing?

A

1886-1887

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22
Q

What was the first organization of cattle breeders?

A

Wyoming Stock Growers Association

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23
Q

What was the Homestead Act?

A 
1862
free 160 acres in the west for:
living on it 5 years
improvement
paying a $30 registration fee

It allowed folks to get land after only 6 months residence for $1.25 an acre

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24
Q

What did the government do before the Homestead Act?

A

sold land for revenue

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25
Q

How many families went to live in the west

A

500.000

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26
Q

Why was the Homestead Act considered a hoax?

A

dry Great Plains, 160 acres was rarely enough for a family to earn a living and survive
families were often forced to give up their land early due to droughts, bad land, and lack of necessities

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27
Q

How many times did land end up in the hands of land grabbing promoters than in real farmers?

A

almost 10x

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28
Q

How would people cheat into keep the but not live on it?

A

They would say they had a 12x14, but it turned out to be 12x14 inches

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29
Q

What did RRs such as the Northern Pacific help develop?

A

agriculture west, where it proved to be fertile

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30
Q

Due to higher wheat prices resulting from crop failures around the world, where were people pushed to?

A

Behind the 100th meridian (magic 20in rainfll where it was difficult to gow crops)

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31
Q

Who was a geologist that warned successful farming could onlybe attained by massive irrigation?

A

John Wesley Powell

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32
Q

To couteract the lack of water due to a 6 year drought in 1880s, what technique did farmers develop?

A

dry farming or using shallow cultivation methods to plant and farm (over time it created a pulverized surface that contributed to the dust bowl)

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33
Q

What saved wheat in the US and grew all over the Great Plains?

A

Russian species of wheat that was tough and resistant to drought
Other plants were chosen in favor of corn too

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34
Q

Huge fereally financed irrigation projects caused what and what resolved it?

A

Great American Desert

dams tamed the Missouri ad Columbia Rivers helped water the land

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35
Q

Where experienced a population surge as many people moved to the frontier?

A

Great West

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36
Q

What states were mitted to the Union?

A 
CO
ND
SD
MO
WA
ID
WY
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37
Q

When was Utah allowed into the Union?

A

1896

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38
Q

By the 20th century, what remained territories?

A

OK
NM
AZ

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39
Q

What happened when OK was made available by the US gaovernment to give away former NA land?

A

thousands of sooners jumped the boundary line and illegally went into OK, often forcing US troops to evict them

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40
Q

When was OK legally opened?

A

April 22, 1889

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41
Q

When did OK becoe the Sooner State?

A

1907

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42
Q

What happened for the first time in 1890 by the US census?

A

They announced that a frontier was no longer discernible

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43
Q

The closing of the frontier inspired what?

A

Turner Thesis?

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44
Q

What is the Turer THesis?

A

America needed a frontier

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45
Q

What was the first national park and why was it opened?

A

Yellowstone 1872

People finally realized tht land was not infinite and they were concerned about not having a frontier

46
Q

What 2 other national parks followed?

A

Yosemite
Sequoia
1890

47
Q

What was the frontier?

A

state of mind and a symbol of opportunity

48
Q

What is the safety valve theory?

A

frontier was like a safety valve for folks who, when it became too crowded in their area, could simply pack up and leave, moving west

49
Q

Why did only a few city dwellers move to the west?

A

didnt know how to farm

west increasingly became less and less of oppurtunity for farms but was still good for hard laborers and ranchers

50
Q

Who was lured into the west for free acrage?

A

immigrant farmers

led to city employers raisign wages to keep workers in the cities

51
Q

What cities did busted farmers and fortune seekers call home?

A

Chicago

San Fransico

52
Q

Why is the trans-Mississippi west important?

A

Indians made their last stand
Anglo culture collided with Hispanic culture
America faced Asia

53
Q

Why were farmers increasingly producing single cash crpps?

A

they could concentrte on their efforts
make profit
buy manufactured goods from mail in order companies

54
Q

What are some examples of mail in order companies?

A

Sears

Aaron Montgomery Ward 1872

55
Q

What were some new farming inventions and how did they impact the farming community?

A 
steam engine that coul pull a plow
seeder
harrow
twine blinder
combined reaper threshing sped up harvesting and lowered the number of people needed to farm
56
Q

Who did farmers blame for their losses rather than their own shortcomings?

A

banks and railroads

57
Q

What did the mechanizaiton of agriculture lead to?

A

enormous farms

ex: Minnesota-ND and Central Valley of CA

58
Q

Who described CA as a country of plantations and estates?

A

Henry Geoge

59
Q

What was grown in CA?

A

vegetables and fruits by ill paid Mexican workers who made huge profits when sold to the east

60
Q

In the 1880s, when world markets rebounded, produced more crops, and forced proces down, what happened to American farmers?

A

ruined

61
Q

What was difficult in the deflation filled time during which there was simply ot enough money to go around to everyone?

A

Paying back debts

62
Q

What is contraction?

A

less money in circulation

63
Q

What was the fall of farmers in the late 1800s simular to?

A

King Cotton during the Civil War

64
Q

What events made the late 1880s and early 1890s disasterous to farmers?

A

droughts
grasshopper plagued
searing heat

65
Q

How did the city, state, and federal government added to the failure of farmers?

A

ridding them off by making them pay painful taxes when they could least afford it

66
Q

What items contributed to the failure of farmers?

A 
railroads (fixing freight prices)
middleman (taking huge cuts in profit)
various harvester
barbed fense
fertilizer trusts
67
Q

What percent of the US pop was farmers even though they were disorganized in 1890?

A

50%

68
Q

Western Indians offered strong resistance to white exansion through their effective use off…

A

Repeating rifles and horses

69
Q

Intertribal warfare among Plains Indians increased in the late 19th century…

A

growing competition for the rapidaly dwindling hunting grounds

70
Q

The federal government’s attempt to confine Indians to certain areas through formal treaties was largely ineffective…

A

the nomatic Plains Indians larely rejected the idea of formal authority and defined territory

71
Q

The warfare that led up to the Battle of Little Horn was set off by…

A

White intrusions after the discovery of gold in the sacred Black Hills

72
Q

Indian reistance was finally subdued because…

A

the coming of the railroad led to the destruction of the buffalo and the Indians way of life

73
Q

The federal government attempted to force Indiands away from their traditionl values and customs by…

A

Creating a network of children’s boarding schools and white field matrons

74
Q

Both the mining and cattle frontiers saw…

A

a movement from induvidual operations to large scale corporate businesses

75
Q

The problem of developing agriculture in the arid West was solved most successfully through…

A

the use of irrigation from dammed western rivers

76
Q

THe safety valve theory of the frontier holds that…

A

Unemployed city dwellers could move west and thus relieve lobor conflict in the east

77
Q

What were 3 factors that made the trans MIssissippi west a unique part of the America frontier experience?

A

Large # of Indians, Hispanics, Asian American in the region
The scale and severity of enviormental challenges in the arid climate
The large role of the fedral government in economy and social development

78
Q

By the 1880s, most western farmers faced hard times ebcause…

A

They were forced to sell grain at low prices in a depressed world market

79
Q

What was among the political goals advocated by the Populist prty?

A

nationalizing the rr, telegraph, and telephone
Graduated income tax
Free and unlimited coinage of silver money

80
Q

The US governemnt’s response to the Pullmen strike aroused great anger from organizatied labor because…

A

it semed to represent government by injunction designed to destroy labor unions

81
Q

William Jennings Bryan gained the democratic nomination in 1896 because he strongly advocated…

A

unlimitd coinage of silver in order to inflate currency

82
Q

McKinley defeated Bryan primarily because he was able to win the support of…

A

eastern wage earners and city dwellers

83
Q

What was the major northern plains indian nation that fought and eventually lost a bitter war against the US army 1876-77

A

Sioux

84
Q

Southwestern Indian tribe led by Geronimo that carried out some of the last fighting against white conquest

A

Apaches

85
Q

Generlly poor areas where vanquished Indiansa were eventualy confined under federal control

A

Reservations

86
Q

Indian religious movement, originating out of the sacred Sun Dance that the federal goernment attemepted to stamp out in 1890

A

Ghost Dance

87
Q

Federl law that atttemepted to dissolve tribal ladholding and establish Indians as individual farmers

A

Dawes Severalty Act

88
Q

Huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth and statehood of NV

A

Comstock Lode

89
Q

General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the rr terminals of KS, NB, WY

A

Long Drive

90
Q

Federl law that offered generous lad opportunities to poorer farmers but also provided the unscrupulous with opportunities for hoaxes and fraud

A

Homestead Act

91
Q

Improved type of fencing that enabled farmers to enclose land on the treeless plains

A

Barbed Wire

92
Q

Former Indian Territory where sooners tried to get the jump on boomers when it was opened for settlement in 1889

A

Oklahoma

93
Q

Third political party tha emerged in the 1890s to express rural grievances and mount mahor attacts on the democarats and republicans

A

Populist

94
Q

Popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro silver arguments trumphing over the traditional views of bankers ad economics professors

A

Coin FInancial School

95
Q

Bitter labor conflict in Chicago that brought federal intervention and the jailing of union leader Eugene V Debs

A

Pullman Strike

96
Q

Spectacular convention speech by a young pro silver advocate that brought him the democratic presidentail nomination in 1896

A

cross of gold speech

97
Q

Popular term for those who favored the status quo in metal money and opposed the pro silver Bryanies in 1896

A

Gold Bugs

98
Q

What was the effect of THe encroachment of white settlement and the violaiton of treaties with indians?

A

Nearly constant warfare with plains indians from 1868 to 1890

99
Q

What was the effect of Railroad building, disease, and the destruction fo the buffalo?

A

Decimated Indian populaitons and hastened their defeat at the hands of advancing whites

100
Q

What was the effect of Reformers attempts to make NA conform to white ways?

A

Futher undermined NA traditional tribal culture and moral

101
Q

What was the effect of the coming of big business mining and stock raising to the west?

A

Ended the romantic, colorful, era of the miners and the cattemen’s frontier

102
Q

What was the effect of Dry farming, barbed wire, and irrigation?

A

Made it possible to farm the dry, treeless areas of the Great Plains and the west

103
Q

What was the effect of The passing of the frontier of 1890?

A

Created new psychological and economic problems for a naiton accustomed to a boundlessly open west

104
Q

What was the effect of the growing economc specialization of westward farmers?

A

Made settlers vulnerable to vast industrial and market forces beyond their control

105
Q

What was the effect of the rise of the populist party in the early 1890s?

A

Threatened the two party domination of American politics by the Republican and Democrats

106
Q

What was the effect of sthe economic depression that began in 1893?

A

Caused widespread protests and stike like the one agianst the Pullman Company in Chicago

107
Q

What was the effect of the return of prosperity after 1897 and new gold discoveries in Alaska, South Africa and else where?

A

Effectively ended the free silver agitation and the domination of the money question in American politics

108
Q

WHat is the Grange?

A

founded by Oliver Kelley
improve the lives of isolated farmers through
social, educational, and fraternal activities

109
Q

Who led the Pullman Strike?

A

Eugene Debs

110
Q

What is the Gold Standard Act?

A

McKinley kigned in 1900
paper money must be bcked by gold
All silver coins were to be eliminated from circulaition

APUSH (48 decks)

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