Progressive Era Flashcards
When was the Gilded Age?
1870s and 1880s
What were the major points during the Gilded Age?
US as world’s main industrial power
Industrialists and finacnciers formed trusts
Robber Barons
Criticism of unfair practicces and poor worker freatment
Who founded Standard Oil cCOmpany and when?
Rockefeller in 1867
What did the Standard Oil Act do?
Controled 90% of US oil refining and alost hte entire petrolum industry
Other industries followed this example
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 had what kind of impact for a decade after its passage?
little
What caused the Panic of 1893?
Overspeculatoin during 1880s
What happened in the Panic of 1893?
Banks, RRs, and other companies failed
Unemployment, homelessness, and financial ruin
Refrom minded Americans began to organize
Whats the overview of Progressivism?
Making progress
Variety of organizaton and interests
not a cohesive movement
3 broad catagories: social,, economic, political reform
What were local changes?
highschools laygrounds less corruption better sewage beautification settlement houses
What were state changes?
reduced overcrowded safety measures in factories workers compostions restricted child labor minimum wage EX: WI and La Follette
Women became more involved in what?
social and political causes
Mainly middle and upper class
Aimed causes at lower class to increase moral behavior
Ex: YWCA and National Consumer League
What are muckrakers?
Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices
Termed by TR
Works were published in popular magazines
Ex: Riis, Steffens, Tarbell, Baker
Who was Jabob Riis?
Photographed ad wrote about the conditions in tenaments and factories and on the streets
How the other half lives (1890)
Set the stage for Progressive urban reformers
Why did Immigrants come to America?
job oppurtunities and relgigous freedom
Mainly southern and eastern europe and jewish
How were immigrants treated in AMerica?
ethnic enclaves in large cities
poor conditions
faced prejudice and discriminaiton
Who founded the Hull House in Chicago and when?
Jane Addams and Stair
1889
What was the hull house?
a community center for the poor
settlement home
offered classes, concerts, lectures, clubs
Hull House workers lived in hte community
What was seen as the root of urban problems?
economc desperation
Were most relief programs private or public?
private
Who replaced volunteers in charities and relief programs?
paid case workers
Tensions rose between charities and who?
settlement houses
When did chartices and settlement houses work toward a common goal?
1900
What were the bad things about tenaments?
poor sanitation
fire hazord
lack of basic comforts
moral indecencies
When was the Tenament house Act?
1901
What did Taylorism increase?
automation
Who was the first managemtn consultant?
Fredrick Taylor
What did a manager consultant do?
help companies maximize worker efficiency
What resulted from manager consultants?
workers and managers complained of less autonomy
did not offer workerslog term economic success
What were the cons of being a factory worker?
growing enployment insecurities fear of injury or death at work assembly line workers get paid by the task women and children paid less very few blacks workers began to organize
What were sweat shops?
factories with terrible working conditions, low wages, long hours homebased piecework garment and cigar industires worked by immigrants mostly women and some children
How many under 16 year olds had jobs in 1900?
1.75 million
Who campained agaist child labor ad higher adult wages?
Progressives
Who were advocates for antichild labor?
Mother Jones
Children’s Crusade
National Child Labor Committee
US Children’s Bureau
When did the National Child labor committee begin?
1904
Which states had CHild labor laws?
Northern
Who photographed childrens’ labor?
Hine
When was the Fair Labor Standards Act passed?
1938
Why did the triangle shirtwaist fire hapen?
locked doors
highly flamible materials
no extinguisher
few exits
When was the triangle shirtwaist fire?
March 25 1911
How many died from the triangle shirt waist fire?
146
mainly immingrant young women
What was the result of hte traingle shirtwasit fire?
led to public outcry
increased legislation for safety meaures
Who founded the National Consumers League?
Florence Kelley 1899
What was the National Consumers League?
Run primarily by women
Pushed for fair and humane manufactoring of consumer products
Advocated for state and natonal minimum wage and max work hour laws
WWhat program was the Nationa Cnsumer League beginning?
White Label
What court case was with the National Consumers League?
Muller v. Orgeon (1908)
Why did groups of workers organize?
to negotiate with employers
Industrial unins at the turn of the 20th century tended to be what?
more radical IWW
Why did labor unions emerge?
As a response to mid 1890s economic depression
When was the Pullmen Strike?
1894
What caused the pullman strike?
pullman company cut wages but did not lower rents
Who joined the American RR union?
Pullman workers
What happened during hte Pullmen strike?
Strike shut down the passanger RR systems
Federal intervension led to violence, 34 dead
Government broke the strike
Who was Samuel Gompers?
President of American Federation of Labor (AF of L)
Established collective bargaining procedures
Stressed workers benifits in exchange for union dues
How radical was teh AF of L?
less radical than other unions
What was the Good governemtn movement?
progressives aimed to increase transparity and honesty in city government Reduce influence of immigrants and working class in the city
What were direct primaries?
aloows voters, not party leaders or boses, to directly choose canadates
La Follette of WI
WI adopted first direct primary law in 1903
Who was Lincoln Steppens?
Muckraker who exposed govt corruption Articles in McClures The Shame fo the Cities (1904) Uncovered direct evidence of graft Increased public outrage
What is an initiative?
citizens vote on a proposed state law
What is a referendum?
Citizens vote on an exsisting law
How did Progressives view state legislators?
corrupt
beholder to wealthy business interests
Who became the first state to enact both initiative and referendum and when?
SD
1898
What was the 17th ammendment?
THe people vote for the Senetes
1913
Who chose the senetes before f17th ammendment?
state legislators
there was corruption, bribery, and deadlocks with that
Who wrote, THe Treason of the Senate?
Phillipps
What did women suffrage include?
toward more democratic govt
What was formed for women suffrage in 1890?
NAWSA
More women served as what kind of leaders?
progressive
When was the 19th ammendment passed and what was it?
1919
Women suffrage
What are the examples of women progressive leaders?
Anthony
Catt
Paul
What was the Temprace Movemnet?
alcohol was felt to be undermining society’s moral fabric
Wanted to ban alcohol
What groups formed for the Temprace Movement?
WCTU
Anti Saloon League
What did hte Temprace Movement target?
immigrants
corrupt politicians
What was Morality Policing?
Moral improvemnts for immigrants, working class, and the young
What did the Morality Policy target?
leisure activities like jazz ad ragtime
rules against immoral dancing
whites thought the music had too much black culture
What was the Eugenics Movement?
Believed that those with inferior genes hreated the nations future
sought to curb reproduction of inferior and support reproduction of superior
Supported by Progressives
How many states enacted the Eugine Laws?
8
When were the Eugine Laws waned?
after WWII
What did reforms focus on?
poor whites and european immigrants
What kind of jobs did blacks have?
menial
Jim Crow Laws in the South
Ineligabe for noth factory jobs
Worked as domestics or day laborers
What did the steryotypical reformer look like?
Middle class
whites
highly racist
What were blacks forced to do?
organize thier own reforms and goups
Ida Wells
Who is Booker T Washington?
Founded Tuskegee Institute Promoted educational oppurtunities Allied with prominant whites Believe white support was needed to get ahead African American
Who is W.E.B. Du Bois?
Strongly against segregation and discrimination
Wrote aritcles and books and published other blacks works
Challenged backs to stand up against dominant cultures
African American
Who was president william McKinley?
Elected in 1896 Foreign affairs in first term Won 1900 election on prosperity platform Supported rapid industiralization and trusts Then changed his view on trusts Assassinated in 1901
Who was president TR?
Considered a liability by Republican party leaders
Disliked excessive corporate power and potiental violence of working class
Believed wealthy should help the poor
Increased fed govt role in regulation
Only opposed monopolies that were against public interests
Popular
What was TR’s Square Deal?
Increased regulation of business Workers right to organize 8 hour workdays pure food and durg laws Income and nheridance taxes on wealthy
How many times did TR use Sherman Antitrust act in law suits?
40 law suits
What set max RR rates and strengthened ICC?
Hephburn ACt
How did TR see America’s landscape?
central to democratic spirit
natural resourses were vital to economic, political strenght
Who did resorces belong to?
The public
When did US Forest service start?
1905
When did the Antiuilties Act start?
1906
Who is Ida Tarbell?
Teacher and Muckraker Hitory of Standard Oil Company (1904) Exposed monopolistic business practices Contributed to public outrage and support for antitrust legislation inspired other muckrakers
What was the timeline for the Coal Strike of 1902?
May: PA mine workers struck over wages and safety Threatened coal availibility June: TR ordered investigation October: no progress; TR meeting Public support grew Morgan's commisison Strike ended late Oct Increased union membership
What book did Upton Sinclair write and why?
The Jungle (1906)
Harsh critism of meat packing industry in chicago
Public more concerned with meat than worker conditions
meat sells cut in half abroad
Why was the Food and Drug Legislator, Meat Inspection Act (1906), and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) put in place?
in response to Sinclair’s the Jungle
public outrage over unsafe and unsanitary food
What was the Panic of 1907?
Reseccion began in 1906 severe economic crisis NYSE plunged 50% Runs on banks Knickerboxer TRust Company collapsed
What was the major impacts of the Panic of 1907?
Unemployment
Bankrupts
Production imports fell
JP Morgan and others personally contributed money
What was the Federal Reserve Act?
Responce to Panic of 1907
Gave control to National Monentary Commission and banking system
1913
What happened with the election of 1912?
Taft won 1908
Split in Republican Party; Conservatives and Progressives (Bull Moose) led by TR
Democrat Wilson won
What did the progressive era set precedents for?
governmental protectons against unchecked capatilism
