Week 9 Encoding and Retrieval: Long Term Memory Flashcards
How do we get information from the STM to the LTM?
Through encoding
What are the two types of rehearsal?
- Maintenance rehearsal
- Elaborative rehearsal
What is effortful processing?
Encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention
- rehearsing making lists and taking class notes illustrate effortful processing
What is automatic processing?
Encoding that occurs without intention and requires minimal attention
- Information about the frequency spatial location sequence and timing of events often is encoded automatically
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Involves simple repetition
- Is most useful for keeping information active in short term working memory and it may help to transfer some information into long-term memory
- In efficient method for bringing about long-term transfer
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Focusses on the meaning of information we are vibrate on the material in someway
- Organizing information thinking about how to place her own lives and relating it to concepts or examples we already know illustrate such a collaboration
Which form of rehearsal involves deeper processing?
Elaborative rehearsal
- Should be more effective in transferring information into long-term memory
What are considered the three levels of processing?
- Structural encoding
- Phonological encoding
- Semantic encoding
Which level of processing a shallow?
Structural encoding
Which level of processing is deeper (elaborative aspects)
Semantic encoding
what is structural encoding as a level of processing?
Superficial
What is phonological encoding as a level of processing?
Sounding out the word to yourself and then judging whether it matches the sound of another word
What is semantic encoding in terms of levels of processing?
Must pay attention to what the word means
who developed the concept of levels of processing?
Fergus Craik (1972) and Robert Lockhart (2008)
The more _______ we process information the better it will be_________
deeply
remembered
How can organization enhance memory?
And organizational scheme can enhance the meaningfulness of information and also serve as a cue that helps to trigger a memory for the information it represents
what does levels of processing emphasize?
Emphasis on processes during encoding, not memory stores
What are two issues with levels of processing?
- Circularity = there is no independent measure of depth in the framework (Nelson, 1977)
- The action is during encoding, but what about retrieval?
What model is used instead of levels of processing that adds retrieval?
Transfer appropriate processing (TAP)
Describe transfer appropriate processing
Transfer-appropriate processing is a type of state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing, but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved
- Processing is goal directed
- Memory performance is better if the type of processing that occurs during encoding is appropriate with how memories are retrieved
- A “shallow” processing task might be better if retrieval uses the same type of “shallow” processing
What are methods for TAP?
Incidental encoding manipulation
What is an example of incidental encoding manipulation?
What have been the results of TAP/
Benefit of different levels or processing during the coding depends upon the nature of the retrieval test
- Memory is better if the same processes occurring holding as retrieval
What is the encoding specificity principle?
States that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval much those that were present during encoding. This enhancement occurs because stimuli associated with an event may become a coded as part of the memory and leader service retrieval cues
- NOT just level/appropriateness of processes during encoding & retrieval
- Memory enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those present during encoding
- A better match between encoding & retrieval leads to better memory
What is the match between encoding and retrieval cues?
- Recalled best when input in output match
- Mismatch - Misdirects search processes during retrieval
How might context state and mood affect memory?
Stimuli associated with event may be in coded as part of the memory
What is context dependent memory
Typically it is easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was acquired.
- When you learning occurs in the same environment as prior learning the context reactivates the earlier memory as a result of new information modifies and updates the memory
- When new learning occurs in another environment on the other hand the information is consolidated into a new episodic memory instead of modifying an existing memory
what is state dependent learning?
Better memory when internal state is the same.
What is mood dependent learning?
Better memory when mood is the same.
What is mood congruent memory?
Better retrieval when mood matches memory continent such as when you feel happy remember more positive information.
What things can we practice to ehance memory?
- Organizing material in hierarchy
- Chunking
- nnemonic devices
- Imagery
What is the method of Loci?
A technique where you imagine a physical environment with a sequence of distinct landmarks and to remember list of items or concepts you taking imaginary stroll through this environment in for an image look at each place with an item or concept.
What is a schema?
Mental framework
- An organized pattern of thought about some aspects of the world Such as a class of people events situations or objects
- Reform schemas through experience and they can strongly influence the way we are called material in memory.
What does schemas create?
A perceptual set which is a readiness to perceive - to organize and interpret - information in a certain way
What is something we are all experts in?
Survival
