Week 9 Encoding and Retrieval: Long Term Memory

Question 1

How do we get information from the STM to the LTM?

Answer 1

Through encoding

Question 2

What are the two types of rehearsal?

Answer 2

• Maintenance rehearsal
• Elaborative rehearsal

Question 3

What is effortful processing?

Answer 3

Encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention

• rehearsing making lists and taking class notes illustrate effortful processing

Question 4

What is automatic processing?

Answer 4

Encoding that occurs without intention and requires minimal attention

• Information about the frequency spatial location sequence and timing of events often is encoded automatically

Question 5

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 5

Involves simple repetition

• Is most useful for keeping information active in short term working memory and it may help to transfer some information into long-term memory
  
  • In efficient method for bringing about long-term transfer

Question 6

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 6

Focusses on the meaning of information we are vibrate on the material in someway

• Organizing information thinking about how to place her own lives and relating it to concepts or examples we already know illustrate such a collaboration

Question 7

Which form of rehearsal involves deeper processing?

Answer 7

Elaborative rehearsal

• Should be more effective in transferring information into long-term memory

Question 8

What are considered the three levels of processing?

Answer 8

• Structural encoding
• Phonological encoding
• Semantic encoding

Question 9

Which level of processing a shallow?

Answer 9

Structural encoding

Question 10

Which level of processing is deeper (elaborative aspects)

Answer 10

Semantic encoding

Question 11

what is structural encoding as a level of processing?

Answer 11

Superficial

Question 12

What is phonological encoding as a level of processing?

Answer 12

Sounding out the word to yourself and then judging whether it matches the sound of another word

Question 13

What is semantic encoding in terms of levels of processing?

Answer 13

Must pay attention to what the word means

Question 14

who developed the concept of levels of processing?

Answer 14

Fergus Craik (1972) and Robert Lockhart (2008)

Question 15

The more _______ we process information the better it will be_________

Answer 15

deeply

remembered

Question 16

How can organization enhance memory?

Answer 16

And organizational scheme can enhance the meaningfulness of information and also serve as a cue that helps to trigger a memory for the information it represents

Question 17

what does levels of processing emphasize?

Answer 17

Emphasis on processes during encoding, not memory stores

Question 18

What are two issues with levels of processing?

Answer 18

• Circularity = there is no independent measure of depth in the framework (Nelson, 1977)
• The action is during encoding, but what about retrieval?

Question 19

What model is used instead of levels of processing that adds retrieval?

Answer 19

Transfer appropriate processing (TAP)

Question 20

Describe transfer appropriate processing

Answer 20

Transfer-appropriate processing is a type of state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing, but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved

• Processing is goal directed
• Memory performance is better if the type of processing that occurs during encoding is appropriate with how memories are retrieved
• A “shallow” processing task might be better if retrieval uses the same type of “shallow” processing

Question 21

What are methods for TAP?

Answer 21

Incidental encoding manipulation

Question 22

What is an example of incidental encoding manipulation?

Answer 22

Question 23

What have been the results of TAP/

Answer 23

Benefit of different levels or processing during the coding depends upon the nature of the retrieval test

• Memory is better if the same processes occurring holding as retrieval

Question 24

What is the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 24

States that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval much those that were present during encoding. This enhancement occurs because stimuli associated with an event may become a coded as part of the memory and leader service retrieval cues

• NOT just level/appropriateness of processes during encoding & retrieval
• Memory enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those present during encoding
• A better match between encoding & retrieval leads to better memory

Question 25

What is the match between encoding and retrieval cues?

Answer 25

• Recalled best when input in output match
• Mismatch - Misdirects search processes during retrieval

Question 26

How might context state and mood affect memory?

Answer 26

Stimuli associated with event may be in coded as part of the memory

Question 27

What is context dependent memory

Answer 27

Typically it is easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was acquired.

• When you learning occurs in the same environment as prior learning the context reactivates the earlier memory as a result of new information modifies and updates the memory
• When new learning occurs in another environment on the other hand the information is consolidated into a new episodic memory instead of modifying an existing memory

Question 28

what is state dependent learning?

Answer 28

Better memory when internal state is the same.

Question 29

What is mood dependent learning?

Answer 29

Better memory when mood is the same.

Question 30

What is mood congruent memory?

Answer 30

Better retrieval when mood matches memory continent such as when you feel happy remember more positive information.

Question 31

What things can we practice to ehance memory?

Answer 31

• Organizing material in hierarchy
• Chunking
• nnemonic devices
• Imagery

Question 32

What is the method of Loci?

Answer 32

A technique where you imagine a physical environment with a sequence of distinct landmarks and to remember list of items or concepts you taking imaginary stroll through this environment in for an image look at each place with an item or concept.

Question 33

What is a schema?

Answer 33

Mental framework

• An organized pattern of thought about some aspects of the world Such as a class of people events situations or objects
• Reform schemas through experience and they can strongly influence the way we are called material in memory.

Question 34

What does schemas create?

Answer 34

A perceptual set which is a readiness to perceive - to organize and interpret - information in a certain way

Question 35

What is something we are all experts in?

Answer 35

Survival