Week 8 Lecture Slides (Ch. 7) Flashcards
What is preparedness?
through evolution, organisms are pre-wired to easily learn behaviours that are neccessary for their survival ehich differs between organisms
What is an example of conditioning and tolerance interacting?
In the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model, what is backwards conditioning?
What are the two most important types of consequences in operant behaviour?
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
Who is the founder of classical conditioning?
Watson (1913)
What is the implication of classical conditioning and fear?
Phobias are learned, they can be unlearned
- If a phobia was learned through classical conditioning then exposure to that condition under neutral and positive circumstances should be a form of treatment
- exposure therapies
In operant conditioning, what are response likelihoods?
example
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- positive punishment
- negative punishment
What is latent learning?
learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to perform.
May learn how to do something but not display that knowledge outwardly until a future time.
may lead to rapid reduction in errors
What is positive punishment?
A response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
Why might a variable partial schedule be better than a fixed partial schedule?
Scallops disappear in variables and lead to more reliable and consistent responding.
What is an example of stimulus generalization?
In the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model, what is blocking?
In operant behaviour where does the association occur?
Between behaviour and its consequence
What is another term for classical conditioning?
pavlovian conditioning
How does habituation differ from sensory adaptation?
habituation is a form of learning that occurs within thr CNS
What is behaviour influenced by?
an organisms evolutionary history
How migh habituation be bad for druf addiction?
Habituation is a troublesome part of drug addiction. Long term drug users can ‘handle’ doses that to new drug users would be lethal (Baker & Tiffany, 1985). Repeated consumption leads to increasingly less and less reward…
In classical conditioning, what is discrimination?
Refers to a CR that occurs for one stimulus but not to others
- detect differences between stimuli
How is learning measured?
by changes in performance
What is habituation?
decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimuli
- moderate intensity
- infrequent repetitions
- long term effect
Describe second order conditioning
occurs in advertising, in which previous (and assumedly positive) associations we have with celebrities are exploited.
- is starting to occur in other domains including political, environmental, and, medical decision making
What is the absolute threshold?
A minimum amount of stimulation is required to evoke a perceptual sensation
What is a constraint on the classical conditioning theory?
learned taste aversions
What is high order conditioning?
With a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS
- The CR for the neutral stimulus will usually diminish more rapidly than the original CS
How does habituation serve as a key adaptive function?
by learning not to respond to uneventful familiar stimuli, organims conserve energy and can attend to other stimuli that are important
What does celebrity endorsement rely on?
relies on principles of classical conditioning, specifically conditioned stimulus-response relationships.
Describe the unconditioned stimlus
The stimulus that innately elicits a response
Describe the conditioned response
A response elicited by a stimulus which depends on past learning
What is a Just Noticeable Differnce (JND) stimulation?
A minimum amount of differential stimulation required to note the change between sensations
In classical conditioning what is extinction?
If the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS then the CS will eventually diminish and disappear
- Each presentation of the CS without the UCS is called the extinction trial
- Association is replaced not forgotten
In classical conditioning what is spontaneous recovery?
If the CS-US relationship starts up again, then the CR can return, albeit in a weaker form
- Recovery of the CS without a learning trial
In classical condition, what is Acquisition?
Refers to the period during which the response is learned
- US-CS associations are not always natural and so can take time to develop. The close temporal proximity of US-CS strengthens the acquisition of the bond.
What key adaptive function does classical conditioning perform?
alerts organisms to stimuli that signals the impending arrival of an important event
What is threshold stimuli?
Minimum amount of information required to evoke perceptual sensation
What domain of psychology is habituation essential for?
developmental psychology
- habituation is often the dependant variable
What are the 2 basic ideas of the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model?
The basic idea of the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model is that learning occurs between a UCS and CS when the CS predicts the UCS
- backwards conditioning
- blocking
In operant conditioning, what are punishment and reinforcement techniques for?
Remember that trying to eliminate bad behavioural does not necessarily mean that it will be replaced by good behaviour.
Therefore, reinforcement and punishment are techniques towards two different goals.
How many classical conditioning contribute to individual drug tolerance?
The environment serves as a stimulus that can modulate drug effects.
What is an SOR? what does it theorize?
stimulus organisms response
theories of learning acknowledge different thought processes (or at least different learning histories) where the same stimulus gives rise to different responses in different organisms.
In classical conditioning, what is stimulus generalization?
Stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR
- Maybe the exact CS is missing but a similar kind of CS might elicit the same CR. The organism has generalized.
What is sensory adaptation stimulus?
The same level of stimulus intensity does not generate the same continuous level of response
What is the best way to promote fast learning and high resistance to extinction for a desired behaviour?
begin reinforcing the desired behaviour on a continuous schedule until the behaviour is well established. Then, shift to partial schedule (variable preferred) gradually made more demanding.
What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?
where reinforcement follows response all of the time
How does operant conditioning focus on emitted behaviour
In a given situation the organism generates a response under physical control of it
What are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules?
- fixed ratio
- fixed interval
- variable ratio
- variable interval
what is a discriminative stimulus?
A signal that a particular response will produce a certain consequence whether positive or negative
What is classical conditioning?
learning an association between stimuli
- A procedure in which a formerly neutral stimulus comes to elicit and conditioned response by virture of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a similar response
Describe appeal to authority
Accepting a claim because those in a higher power also endorse it
How can fears and phobias and fetishes be explained by classical conditioning?
can also be partly explained by the previous associations between stimulus and response
- Exposure to environmental stimulus (CS) It’s paired with an adverse event (UCS) And as a result the original neutral stimulus comes to elicit an adverse response of anxiety or fear (CR)
What are the three essential statements of a behaviourist?
A) The study of the mind is outside the remit of science
B) Introspection about mental processes is hard to verify
C) The only thing we can reliably measure is behaviour
What is sensitization?
An increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
- high intensity
- frequent repetition
- short term effect
What was pavlov originally studying?
was actually interested in digestion and initially considered the foundation of behaviourism to just be an annoyance.
What partial scheduled reinforcement?
where reinforcement follows response some of the time.
What is thorndikes law of effect?
“If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and responses will be strengthened”
What does UCS, UCR, CS and CR stand for? which are natural/ aritfical?
- UCS: unconditioned stimulus (natural)
- UCR: uncondition response/ reflex (natural)
- CS: conditioned stimulus (artificial)
- CR: conditoned response/ reflex (artificial)
What is learning?
a process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organisms bheaviour or capabilities
Habituation _________ threshold
Sensitization _________ threshold
increases
decreases
Describe preferential learning in developmental psychology
With the Preferential Looking paradigm, babies are invited to sit with their caregiver and to watch two visual stimuli.
The baby’s eye movements are recorded with aivdeo camera between the two screens and time of looking is tabulated.
With differences in looking time, we infer the child is able to discriminate between then. With longer looking time, we infer the child prefers one over another.
What became the foundation for the school of behaviourism?
law of effect
describe the unconditioned response
A reflexive unlearned response to a innately important stimulus
What is operant extinction?
weakening and eventual dissapearance of a response because it is no longer being reinforced
- If the behaviour no longer pays off will replace it with a more successful one.
What is operant conditioning?
A type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by the consequences
- Positive consequence will lead to more of that behaviour
- Negative consequences will lead to less occurrence of that behaviour
Stimulus-response relationships can be strengthened or weakened by the addition and removal of positive and negative outcomes. There is no free-will!
What is the reinforcement consequence in operant conditioning?
A response is strengthened by the outcome that follows it
What three events does operant behaviour involve?
A. Antecedents - stimuli that are present before behaviours
B. Behaviours that the organism emits
C. Consequences that follow the behaviour
what is positive reinforcement?
A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
- The stimulus that follows and strengthens the response is the positive reinforcer
in classical conditioning,
the target behaviour is ________
and
behaviour is a function of _________
automatic, preceding stimuli
How might this fail in training a dog?
What is the relationship between antecedents behaviours and consequences called in operant behaviour?
Contingencies
Describe the conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that gains value through learning
When was classical condition first discovered?
Ivan Pavlov and the salivating dog
- Prior to training, the presentation of food stimuli will lead to salivary responses in dogs
- There are other stimuli that surround the US (footsteps of researcher, noise of bowl on floor) that, with training, can be conditioned with the same salivary response.
What is negative punishment?
a response is weakened by the subsequrnt removal of a stimulus
in operant conditioning,
the target behaviour is ________
and
behaviour is a function of _________
voluntary, consequences
When is classical conditioning strongest?
- Repeated CS-UCS pairings
- The UCS is more intense
- The sequence involves forward pairing, so CS always before UCS
- will not work other way around
- The time interval between CS and UCS is short
what are the two types of schedules of reinforcement?
- continuous reinforcement schedule
- partial reinforcement schedule
What are the 4 aspects of social cognitive theory?
What is the law of effect?
In any given situation exposure to a satisfying outcome will increase that behaviour (more likey to occur), whereas is exposure to an unsatisfying outcome will yield a decrease in that behaviour (less likely to occur).
How did learned taste aversion challenge classical conditioning?
- the assumption of a relatively short CS-UCS time interval
- The assumption of conditioned taste aversion rather the influence of biological preparedness
What kind of conditioning is preferential looking?
classical conditioning
What are the 4 basic principles of classical conditioning?
- acquistion
- exctinction
- spontaneous recovery
- stimulus generalization
What is sensory adaptation?
refers to decreased sensitivty to continuously present stimuli
what is the punishment consequence and operant conditioning?
A response is weakened by the outcomes that follows it
What does orientating refer to?
refers to the automatic (stimulus-driven) entry of highly salient and novel environmental stimuli into our field of attention.
Describe classical conditioning with chemotherapy. How can the CS be mitigated?
Chemotherapy and food intake represent a complex interaction between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses
- An unfortunate side-effects of chemotherapy (US) is nausea (UR). The association between drug stimulus and sickness response does not have to be learned.
- Normal food intake (CS) around the time of chemotherapy (US) can lead to the same response of vomiting (CR), but in a conditioned way.
- Broberg & Bernstein (1987) showed that the development of food aversions can be reduced if a scapegoat food is administered at the time of therapy that does not generalize to other food.
- food substance entirely unwise that they would never eat again so they learn to associate with scapegoat food with nausea but will protect with building association with foods they do enjoy
What is an example of second order conditioning?
Perhaps we were amongst the odd billion people or so who really enjoyed The Terminator which made us happy. Didn’t require much training, but a conditioned association was made.
- Advertisers rely our previously learned conditioned associations, such that we will feel pretty good (and want to buy) the product when we see it with the celeb. aka schwartnager
- Political parties rely our previously learned conditioned associations, such that we will feel pretty good (and want to vote for) the party when we see it with the celeb. aka schwartsnager
What is negative reinforcement?
A response is strengthened by the subsequent removal or elimination of a stimulus
- The stimulus that is removed is called a negative reinforcer
Who coined operant behaviour?
B. F. Skinner
Who coined social cognitive theory?
bandura
