Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 1 Medicine > Week 9 - Control of the CV System > Flashcards

Week 9 - Control of the CV System Flashcards

1
Q

When the aortic valve become calcified, what can happen to the heart

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy leading to heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are korotkoff sounds

A

Sounds heard under the distal half of the sphygmomanometer cuff when between diastole and systole i.e when blood starts to flow into artery after being cut off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle each beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the stroke volume normally

A

Around 5L/min on both sides!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the structure of purkinje fibres in the heart

A

They interdigitate with myocytes to spread the impulse across the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart beats too fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart beats too slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

atrial/ventricular fibrillation

A

aberrant heartbeat due to problems with conduction of impulse across the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does ECG measure

A

Changes in potential difference between two electrodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are two electrodes on the heart

A

Heart surface

On limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Irregular heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is P wave

A

Atrial depolarisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is QRS

A

Ventricular depolarisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

P-R interval

A

Delay through the AV node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which ion enters the SA node upon its depolarisation

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which ion leave the SAN during repolarisation

A

Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Drugs that increase heart rate affect SAN permeability in which way

A

Increased Ca permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Drugs that decrease heart rate affect SAN permeability in which way

A

Increased K permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can drugs be used to treat heart failure

A

They increase intracellular calcium and/or increase myofilament sensitivity hence increasing contraction and input from failing heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does digoxin do and how does it work

A

slows the heart down and improves the filling of ventricles

It increases the intracellular calcium concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main receptor type found on heart nodal tissue, conducting system and myocardium.

A

Adrenoreceptor B1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Effects of adrenoreceptor activation on heart

A

Positive intropy (strengthen the force of heartbeat)

Positive chronotropy (increase heart beat)

Positive lusitropy (causes heart to relax more quickly hence shortening heartbeat- greater efficiency)

Positive dromotropy (increases conduction through the AV node)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are used as short-term support following cariogenic shock

A

Beta-agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Left vagus nerve terminates on which heart structure

A

AV node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Right vagus nerve terminates on which heart structure

A

SAN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does acetylcholine reduce hr

A

Activates M2 receptors which increase k permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does atropine (vagolytic drug) increase heart rate in bradycardic patients

A

Inhibits muscaranic receptor

29
Q

Role of endothelial cells

A

Lines all vessels and inside heart chambers

Controls local blood pressure

Prevents platelet aggregation and blood clot formation

Releases nitric oxide

Angiogenesis and vessel remodelling

Permeability barrier for nutrients/fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid

30
Q

Name of constrictor that endothelial cell can release

A

Thromboxane

31
Q

Name of dilator that endothelial cells can release

A

Nitric oxide

32
Q

How can endothelial cells affect LDL

A

Can release free radicals which oxidise LDL

33
Q

Which vessels have vessels have vascular smooth muscle

A

All vessels apart from small capillaries

34
Q

Why is compliance important in blood vessels

A

Prevents the pressure going to 0 as blood leaves the arteries

35
Q

What happens to arterial compliance as we age

A

Compliance decreases

36
Q

How does arterial calcification occur

A

Healing response to the presence of dead cells which reduces the elasticity of the vessels

37
Q

How do we calculate mean arterial pressure

A

Diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure (PP)

OR

CO x TPR

38
Q

What is mean arterial pressure

A

The average pressuring pushing blood round the system

39
Q

What type of artery is the carotid artery

A

Elastic artery

40
Q

What structure dissipates the blood pressure from the arteries

A

The arterioles

41
Q

Which structure contains most of the blood at low pressure (70%)

A

The venules, veins and vena cavae

42
Q

What percentage of blood is help in the capillaries

A

5%

43
Q

What happens to the colloid (osmotic pressure exerted by larger molecules) pressure between the arterial and venous end of the capillary

A

It stays the same

44
Q

What happens to the hydrostatic pressure between the arterial and venous end of the capillary

A

It decreases as fluid is moves out

45
Q

What is exceptional about pulmonary hydrostatic pressuress

A

Pulmonary hydrostatic pressures are much lower than systemic pressure which prevents pulmonary oedema

46
Q

What can the result of capillary hydrostatic pressure increase be

A

Pitting oedema

Pulmonary oedema

Jugular vein distension

47
Q

TPR (total peripheral resistance)/SVR (systemic vascular resistance)

A

Force exerted onto blood by vasculature of the body

48
Q

Examples of alpha-1 selective adrenoceptor antagonists

A

prazosin

doxazosin

49
Q

Examples of non-selective adrenoreceptor antagonists

A

Phentolamine

50
Q

How do nasal decongestants work

A

Vasoconstrict the mucosal blood vessels

51
Q

3 local controls of blood vessel tone

A

Active hyperaemia - changes in o2, co2, cellular metabolites can dilate arterioles causing this

Reactive hyperaemia - blockage of blood flow induces this

52
Q

Factors which affect blood flow

A

Length of blood vessel

Viscosity of liquid flowing in the tube

Pressure gradient across the tube

53
Q

Problems with the ‘French equation’

A

It assumes that:

flow is laminar, non-pulsatile and flows through a uniform, straight pipe.

54
Q

Ways to reduce risk of viscous blood

A

Movement to encourage venous return

Hydration and reduce alcohol

Compression socks - create a pressure gradient which promotes flow

55
Q

What is resistance proportional to

A

Diameter

56
Q

What happens to resistance down the arterial tree

A

It increases and decreases flow

57
Q

What percentage of total blood volume is contained in the veins

A

70%

58
Q

What is the relative cross sectional area of veins

A

Large but pressure differential is small

59
Q

What is return to the right ventricle called

A

Preload

60
Q

What can increased preload cause

A

Heart failure
Angina

61
Q

What drug can be used to decrease preload

A

Nitroglycerin causing venodilation

62
Q

Which structures detect blood pressure

A

Aortic arch baroreceptor

Carotid sinus

63
Q

Which baroreceptor is more important

A

Carotid sinus since more sensitive

64
Q

Where does baroreceptor connect to

A

NTS (nucleus tractus solitarius) in brain

65
Q

What can the peripheral effect be of arterial baroreceptors firing in response to low arterial pressure

A

Increase in sympathetic outflow to heart/arterioles and veins and decrease in parasympathetic outflow to the heart

66
Q

Peripheral vs central control of BP

A

Peripheral - active/reactive/NO etc

Central - in the brain

67
Q

Example of central control of high BP

A

NTS activates the parasympathetic nervous parasympathetic nervous system and inhibits the sympathetic nervous system

AND VICE VERSA

68
Q

How does clonidine work

A

Alpha 2 agonist

Activates presynaptic receptors in brain to lower sympathetic output.

69
Q
A

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions