Week 2 - Cells of the immune system Flashcards
Name a mechanical physical barrier against infection
Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
Name a mechanical physical barrier against infection
Movement of mucus by the cilia
Name a chemical barrier against infection on the skin
Fatty acids
Name a chemical barrier that protects the body against infection in the eyes/nose
Salivary enzymes
Name a microbiological barrier that protects against infection
Normal flora (bacteria and fungi)
Name a disease that grows on the skin
Athlete’s foot
Name a disease caused by puncture wounds
Tetanus
Name a disease caused by mosquito bites
Malaria
Describe how influenza can breach physical barrier
Inhalation of droplet
Describe how salmonella can enter the body
Through contaminated food/water
What can white blood cells cause when they go wrong
Autoimmune disease and cardiovascular problems
Where are white blood cells made
Bone marrow
What do mogakaryotes produce
Platelets which clot the blood
Name the 3 granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
What do monocytes produce
Macrophages
What do B lymphocytes produce
antibodies
What do T lymphocytes do
They can kill cells (similar to the way that NK cells do) or produce different proteins
Describe how T lymphocytes develop
They are made in the bone marrow and then mature in the thymus where they are checked for any abnormalities - basically checking that they’re not going to cause damage to the body. e.g autoimmune disease
What do lymphocytes produce
B and T lymphocytes
Which type of white blood cell is most abundant
Neutrophils 65
Lymphocytes 30
Eosinophils 2
Monocytes 5
Basophils 0.5
How do neutrophils kill bacteria
They chase and eat bacteria
Which 3 types of cells take up long-term residence in tissues (instead of being carried in the blood)
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Where do T and B lymphocytes spend the majority of their life
In the secondary lymphoid organs such as adenoid, tonsil, lymph nodes, spleen, appendix etc
Which cells are in the innate immune response
Mast cells
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
NK cell
Which cells are part of the adaptive immune response
T and B lymphocytes
What is the function of the immune system
It provides protection against infectious organisms such bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi
How can the immune system be enhanced
Infection and vaccination
Give 4 examples of infectious organisms
Clostridium tetani (tetanus) - extracellular bacteria
Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) - intracellular organism
Influenza - virus
Schistosoma - parasitic worm
Describe 2 ways of mechanical immune protection
Epithelial cells, movement of mucus by cilia
Describe how microbiological flora can act as a physical barrier
Natural flora compete against infectious microorganisms
How can pathogens enter the body
Through insect bites or puncture wounds
Through inhaled droplets
Through consumption of septically contaminated water/food after diarrhoea
Where are white blood cells made
In the bone marrow
What is the white blood cell at the top of the tree called
Multipotent haematopoietic stem cell
