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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 1 - Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Week 1 - Cells and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What the 3 main feature of eukaryotic cells

A

They have sub-cellular compartments
These organelles are usually membrane bound apart from ribosomes
They are specialised for unique function

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2
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed by

A

The nuclear envelope with an inner and outer membrane containing pores

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3
Q

What is the nuclear lamina

A

Structural mesh that lays underneath the nuclear membrane and supports it

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4
Q

What is chromatin

A

DNA combined within other proteins mostly histones which form the chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

Site of ribosomal RNA and RNA synthesis

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6
Q

Name 5 subunits you will find in the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
cholesterol
carbohydrates
proteins
lipid/membrane rafts

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7
Q

How is the mitochondria composed (4)

A

Outer membrane
Inter-membrane space
Inner membrane (cristae)
Matrix

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8
Q

Two main roles of mitochondria

A

ATP production
Apoptosis

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9
Q

What happens when cytochrome c is localised to inner membrane

A

It can allow the production of energy

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10
Q

What happens when cytochrome c is released into the cytosol

A

It initiates apoptosis

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11
Q

4 main functions of RER

A

Protein synthesis
Protein folding
Protein modifications

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12
Q

2 main functions of SER

A

Lipid synthesis
Calcium storage

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13
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus

A

Receives proteins from the ER and modifies proteins for their eventual location

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14
Q

What is the role of the lysosomes

A

To degrade unwanted molecules

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15
Q

What is the main role of peroxisomes

A

The breakdown of fatty acids

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16
Q

Why is compartmentalisation of organelles important in cells

A

To increase efficiency
To protect the cell

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17
Q

What does amphipathic mean

A

A molecule that has a polar and non-polar end

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18
Q

What are filopodia

A

Very small spikes of microfilament based protrusions of the plasma membrane involved in cell motility

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19
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

A lipid made up of a phosphate polar head group and two fatty acid chains (one saturated and one unsaturated)

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20
Q

What is lamellipodia

A

Microfilament-based membrane protrusions that help cells move

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21
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that provide anchorage between the intermediate filament cytoskeletons of cells. For example keratin based intermediate filaments

Multi-molecular complexes that join one cell to another

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22
Q

What are lipid rafts

A

Cholesterol-rich domains that compartmentalise function by concentrating molecules e.g by acting as. signalling platforms by concentrating signalling receptors

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23
Q

What are glycocalyx

A

A layer of carbohydrate that covers cells. They are involved in cell recognition . Found in cells that line the gut

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24
Q

Name two types of phospholipids

A

Phosphatidylcholine (outer later)
Phosphatidylserine (inner layer)

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25
Q

What role does cholesterol have within the membrane

A

Membrane fluidity (viscocity of lipid bilayer)

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26
Q

What does the outer membrane of the mitochondria provide

A

Selective permeability

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27
Q

What stage of respiration happens in the inner membrane

A

Electron transport chain

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28
Q

What happens in the matrix of mitochondria

A

citric acid cycle

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29
Q

What happens in the inter membrane space

A

electron transport chain and other enzymatic reactions

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

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31
Q

Which of the 3 types of cytoskeleton are dynamic

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments

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32
Q

Which of the 3 types of cytoskeleton are static

A

Intermediate filaments

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33
Q

What are the 2 roles of the intermediate filaments

A

Proving structure
Providing mechanical strength

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34
Q

Which type of intermediate filament is found in epithelial cells

A

Keratin family

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35
Q

Which type of intermediate filament is found in fibroplasts of the dermis

A

Vimentin

36
Q

Which type of intermediate filament is found in the nuclei of all eukaryotic cells

A

Lamins which make up the nuclear lamina

37
Q

3 examples of the uses of lamin intermediate filaments

A

Nuclear organisation
Nuclear membrane support
Chromatin organisation

38
Q

Describe 3 uses of microtubules

A

Cell movement (flagella+cilia)
Intracellular transport of organelles
Mitotic spindle

39
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

They are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin

40
Q

Which motor protein moves cargo away from the centrosome along the microtubules

A

Kinesins

41
Q

Which motor proteins move cargo towards the centrosome along the microtubules

A

Dyneins

42
Q

What is the cytoskeletal component of cilia and flagella

A

Axonemes

43
Q

What are cilia/flagella primary composed of

A

Microtubules and dynein

44
Q

What is an axoneme

A

Doublets of microtubules arranged around a central microtubule doublet

45
Q

What allow the bending of cilia and flagella

A

The sliding of microtubules against eachother through the motor protein dynein

46
Q

What are microfilaments polymers of

A

Actin

47
Q

What can microfilaments provide

A

Cell structure
Cell appendages such as microvilli so MOTILITY
Cell shape change

48
Q

What do microtubules provide

A

intracellular transport
mitosis
locomotory structures (protein moving along microtubule)

49
Q

What is responsible for cellular aggregation

A

Cell junctions

50
Q

Why is cellular aggregation important

A

Because cells rarely function in isolation

51
Q

How would you describe cellular protein complexes

A

Transmembrane protein complexes

52
Q

What do cellular junctions attach the plasma membranes to (3)

A

Adjacent cells
Basement membrane
The cytoskeleton

53
Q

What do anchoring junctions do

A

They connect cells to cells

54
Q

Actin implies

A

Microfilament

55
Q

Tubulin implies

A

Microtubulin

56
Q

What does an adherens cell to cell junction connect to

A

Actin

57
Q

What do desmosomes cell to cell junctions connect to

A

Intermediate filaments

58
Q

What do focal adhesion cell-ECM junctions connect to

A

Actin

59
Q

What do hemidesmosomes connect to

A

intermediate filaments

60
Q

C-C and ECM-Cell junctions connecting to actin imply what about their strength

A

Dynamic structures as a result

61
Q

C-C and ECM-Cell junction connecting to intermediate filaments imply what about their strength

A

Strong and stable tissue formed as a result

62
Q

Name the 4 types of cell junction

A

Cell-Cell
ECM-Cell
Tight junctions
Gap junctions

63
Q

What are the 2 functions of the tight junctions

A

Gate and fence

64
Q

Describe what is meant by the gate function of the tight junction

A

The regulation of paracellular permeability (what can be passed through the intercellular space between cells)

65
Q

Where is the gate tight junction found

A

Apical side of the cell (top)

66
Q

Describe what is meant by the fence function of the

A

Stops the parts of the top of the cell from mixing with the bottom - maintaining the polarity of the cell.

67
Q

What is meant by apical domain

A

the top part of the cell

68
Q

What is meant by basolateral domain

A

bottom/below part of cell

69
Q

What is meant by the gate function of the cell

A

Stops the apical parts of the cells from mixing with the basolateral parts of the cells

70
Q

What is an example of a polarised cell

A

Epithelial cells

71
Q

What is a gap junction

A

A channel between cells

72
Q

What size of molecules/ions can pass through a gap junction

A

Only very small ones

73
Q

What are the channels formed out of

A

A group of proteins called connexins (arranged in hexagonal clusters)

74
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane

A

It strengthens the plasma membrane and prevents certain molecules from passing through

75
Q

What are the functions of cell surface carbohydrates (3)

A

Cell to cell regcognition
ABO blood grouping
Sorting cells during embryogenesis

76
Q

What are the 2 roles of integral proteins

A

Can act as pumps, carriers and channels
Can act as receptors to ligands to bring about a cascade of signals within the cell

77
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope

A

To allow movement in/out of the cell

78
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

Cytosol

79
Q

Where does citric acid cycle occur

A

The matrix of the mitochondria

80
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur

A

Cristae

81
Q

What are endosomes

A

Vesicles responsible for the transfer of molecules from plasma membrane to lysosome following endocytosis. They then fuse with lysosome to deliver their content

82
Q

What are the 4 proteins which make up intermediate filaments

A

Keratin
Vimentin
Desmin
Lamins

83
Q

Which types of tubulin make up the microtubules

A

Alpha and beta tubulin

84
Q

Name 4 proteins which make up intermediate filaments

A

Keratin
Vimentin
Desmin
Lamins

85
Q
A

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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