Week 9 - Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards
What does the circulatory system do
Transports oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide around the body
4 components of cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Lymphatic system
Pulmonary circulation function
Passed deoxygenated depleted blood from heart to lungs and then returns oxygenated blood to the heart
Systemic circulation function
Passed oxygenated blood from heart to the rest of the body then returns oxygen depleted blood to the heart
Superior mediastinum boundaries
Top = T1 -> superior aspect of the manubrium
Bottom = sternal angle
Anterior mediastinum region
Fat tissue and thymus
Middle mediastinum region
Contains the heart
Posterior region
Contains the oesophagus and aorta
Cardiac layers from innermost to outermost
Trabeculae
Endocardium
Myocardium
Fatty connective tissue containing coronary artery and vein
Visceral layer (epicardium) of serous pericardium
Pericardial space
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
What is the role of the serous fluid
lubricates the gap between the two serous pericardium
What is the role of trabeculae
Creates turbulence which helps the flow of blood.
Describe the flow of blood from SVC to the body
Blood flows into the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava
Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
Blood travels through pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk (diverges towards the 2 lungs)
Blood returns via the pulmonary vein into left atrium
Blood travels through mitral valve into left ventricle
Blood travels up the aorta out into the coronary arteries or to the brachiocephalic trunk OR left carotid/subclavian artery
OR descending aorta
What is the name of the trunk that blood enters after the right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
What is the name of the trunk that connects to the right subclavian/common carotid artery
brachiocephalic trunk
Which body parts does the subclavian artery
right upper limbs and head
Through which vessel do waste products leave the baby
The umbilical arteries
Through which vessel does the baby receive food and oxygen
The umbilical vein (although away from mother, towards baby)
Which structure exists to bypass blood from the liver to the heart
Ductus venous
Which structure exists to bypass blood from right atrium to left atrium directly
Foramen ovale
Which structure exists to bypass any blood that has entered the right ventricle to the aorta
Ductus arteriosus
Which structure turns into the ligamentum venosum upon birth
Ductus venosus
Name of the embryological remnant of the Forman ovale
Fossa ovalis
Which sinuses do coronary arteries arise from
Left and right aortic sinuses
What is the typical site for external pacemakers to be placed
The right atrial appendage
What is the site of pectinate muscle origin
Crista terminalis
Which structure allows for stretch and improve the volume of the right atrium
Masculine pectinati
What is the role of the trabeculae carneae
To create turbulence and hence the flow of blood
Which ventricular wall is thicker and why
The left is 3x thicker because it needs to transport blood around the systemic circulatory system, i.e around the entire body and not just to the lungs
What are atrial/ventricular septal defects
They are basically small holes in the heart which may close themselves but larger ones may compromise lungs and the heart due to the increased blood pressure
What is an atrioventricular septal defect
A large hole between the ventricles and atria causing problems with breathing, racing heart, weak pulse, blue colour and tiring easily.
What causes the mitral valve/tricuspid valve to close when blood has entered the ventricles
The pressure inside the ventricles pushes blood against the valve cusps, causing them to close. Papillary muscles then contract to prevent the valve flaps from entering the atria.
What is the difference between the tricuspid and the mitral (bicuspid)
Tricuspid is made up of 3 leaflets whereas mitral is made of just 2
Structural difference between atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves
Semilunar valves do not have chord tendinae (heart strings and are half mooned in shape).
Which artery do the coronary arteries come from
The ascending aorta
What are end arteries and where found
Arteries that only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue therefore blockage results in tissue damage. Examples of where found include penis, spleen, liver, intestines, ears, nose etc
What is ischaemia
A reduction in blood oxygen causing collateral circulation whereby new blood vessels form to bypass reduced blood supply. Angina pectoris for example.
What is infarction
Death of myocardial tissue.
What is diastole
When blood is filling the relaxed atrium and ventricles
What is systole
When atria then ventricles contract
What is the ‘lub’ sound
When atrial valves snap shut
What percentage of MI is caused by left coronary artery and give a break down
around 70%
40-50% affecting the anterior inter ventricular branch
15-20% affecting the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
What percentage of MI affects the right coronary artery
30-40%
What are the 2 options for coronary artery bypass graft
Saphenous vein - longest vein in the body
Internal mammary artery
Name of gap between ventricles
interventricular septum
Function of moderator band
allows more rapid conduction across the anterior papillary muscle and helps with the conduction times
Purkinje fibres
Specialised conducting fibres that are bigger than cardiac myocytes and create a synchronised contraction across the ventricles
Function of intercalated disc
GAP junctions between mycoses which transmit forces of contraction and electrical impulses between cardiac myocytes ensuring synchronised contraction
Characteristic features of cardiac muscle cells
Striated
Mononuclear
Many mitochondria
Intercalated discs
GAP junctions
Which nerves control heart rate
Vagus
Sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system origin
T1-L2/3
Parasympathetic nervous system origin
Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10
Layers of the arteries
Tunica intima
Media
Adventitia
Name of muscle posterior to the trachea and its function
Trachealis muscle - allows trachea to constrict.
