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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 9 - Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Week 9 - Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the circulatory system do

A

Transports oxygen, nutrients and carbon dioxide around the body

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2
Q

4 components of cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Lymphatic system

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation function

A

Passed deoxygenated depleted blood from heart to lungs and then returns oxygenated blood to the heart

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4
Q

Systemic circulation function

A

Passed oxygenated blood from heart to the rest of the body then returns oxygen depleted blood to the heart

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5
Q

Superior mediastinum boundaries

A

Top = T1 -> superior aspect of the manubrium

Bottom = sternal angle

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6
Q

Anterior mediastinum region

A

Fat tissue and thymus

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7
Q

Middle mediastinum region

A

Contains the heart

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8
Q

Posterior region

A

Contains the oesophagus and aorta

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9
Q

Cardiac layers from innermost to outermost

A

Trabeculae

Endocardium

Myocardium

Fatty connective tissue containing coronary artery and vein

Visceral layer (epicardium) of serous pericardium

Pericardial space

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

What is the role of the serous fluid

A

lubricates the gap between the two serous pericardium

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11
Q

What is the role of trabeculae

A

Creates turbulence which helps the flow of blood.

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12
Q

Describe the flow of blood from SVC to the body

A

Blood flows into the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava

Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

Blood travels through pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk (diverges towards the 2 lungs)

Blood returns via the pulmonary vein into left atrium

Blood travels through mitral valve into left ventricle

Blood travels up the aorta out into the coronary arteries or to the brachiocephalic trunk OR left carotid/subclavian artery

OR descending aorta

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13
Q

What is the name of the trunk that blood enters after the right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

What is the name of the trunk that connects to the right subclavian/common carotid artery

A

brachiocephalic trunk

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15
Q

Which body parts does the subclavian artery

A

right upper limbs and head

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16
Q

Through which vessel do waste products leave the baby

A

The umbilical arteries

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17
Q

Through which vessel does the baby receive food and oxygen

A

The umbilical vein (although away from mother, towards baby)

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18
Q

Which structure exists to bypass blood from the liver to the heart

A

Ductus venous

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19
Q

Which structure exists to bypass blood from right atrium to left atrium directly

A

Foramen ovale

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20
Q

Which structure exists to bypass any blood that has entered the right ventricle to the aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

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21
Q

Which structure turns into the ligamentum venosum upon birth

A

Ductus venosus

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22
Q

Name of the embryological remnant of the Forman ovale

A

Fossa ovalis

23
Q

Which sinuses do coronary arteries arise from

A

Left and right aortic sinuses

24
Q

What is the typical site for external pacemakers to be placed

A

The right atrial appendage

25
Q

What is the site of pectinate muscle origin

A

Crista terminalis

26
Q

Which structure allows for stretch and improve the volume of the right atrium

A

Masculine pectinati

27
Q

What is the role of the trabeculae carneae

A

To create turbulence and hence the flow of blood

28
Q

Which ventricular wall is thicker and why

A

The left is 3x thicker because it needs to transport blood around the systemic circulatory system, i.e around the entire body and not just to the lungs

29
Q

What are atrial/ventricular septal defects

A

They are basically small holes in the heart which may close themselves but larger ones may compromise lungs and the heart due to the increased blood pressure

30
Q

What is an atrioventricular septal defect

A

A large hole between the ventricles and atria causing problems with breathing, racing heart, weak pulse, blue colour and tiring easily.

31
Q

What causes the mitral valve/tricuspid valve to close when blood has entered the ventricles

A

The pressure inside the ventricles pushes blood against the valve cusps, causing them to close. Papillary muscles then contract to prevent the valve flaps from entering the atria.

32
Q

What is the difference between the tricuspid and the mitral (bicuspid)

A

Tricuspid is made up of 3 leaflets whereas mitral is made of just 2

33
Q

Structural difference between atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves

A

Semilunar valves do not have chord tendinae (heart strings and are half mooned in shape).

34
Q

Which artery do the coronary arteries come from

A

The ascending aorta

35
Q

What are end arteries and where found

A

Arteries that only supply oxygenated blood to a specific portion of tissue therefore blockage results in tissue damage. Examples of where found include penis, spleen, liver, intestines, ears, nose etc

36
Q

What is ischaemia

A

A reduction in blood oxygen causing collateral circulation whereby new blood vessels form to bypass reduced blood supply. Angina pectoris for example.

37
Q

What is infarction

A

Death of myocardial tissue.

38
Q

What is diastole

A

When blood is filling the relaxed atrium and ventricles

39
Q

What is systole

A

When atria then ventricles contract

40
Q

What is the ‘lub’ sound

A

When atrial valves snap shut

41
Q

What percentage of MI is caused by left coronary artery and give a break down

A

around 70%

40-50% affecting the anterior inter ventricular branch

15-20% affecting the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

42
Q

What percentage of MI affects the right coronary artery

A

30-40%

43
Q

What are the 2 options for coronary artery bypass graft

A

Saphenous vein - longest vein in the body

Internal mammary artery

44
Q

Name of gap between ventricles

A

interventricular septum

45
Q

Function of moderator band

A

allows more rapid conduction across the anterior papillary muscle and helps with the conduction times

46
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

Specialised conducting fibres that are bigger than cardiac myocytes and create a synchronised contraction across the ventricles

47
Q

Function of intercalated disc

A

GAP junctions between mycoses which transmit forces of contraction and electrical impulses between cardiac myocytes ensuring synchronised contraction

48
Q

Characteristic features of cardiac muscle cells

A

Striated

Mononuclear

Many mitochondria

Intercalated discs

GAP junctions

49
Q

Which nerves control heart rate

A

Vagus

Sympathetic nervous system

50
Q

sympathetic nervous system origin

A

T1-L2/3

51
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system origin

A

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10

52
Q

Layers of the arteries

A

Tunica intima

Media

Adventitia

53
Q

Name of muscle posterior to the trachea and its function

A

Trachealis muscle - allows trachea to constrict.

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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