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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 2 - Innate and adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Week 2 - Innate and adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define complemen

A

The process by which antibodies and phagocytic cells clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promoting inflammation and attacking the pathogen’s cell membrane

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2
Q

Name the 3 complement pathways and briefly outline each

A

Classical - antibody-antigen complex (C1 complement protein binds to complex, initiating the process)
MB-Lectin - Lectin binding to surfaces (made of carbohydrates)
Alternative - C3 protein differentiates between normal cells because of presence of sialic acid on terminal sugars and bacterial cells due to presence of manose terminal sugars on human cells.

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3
Q

Describe the 3 processes that can happen post complement activation

A

Recruitment of inflammatory cells - e.g neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, T cells, mast cells NK cells

Opsonisation of pathogens - marking of pathogens for phagocytosis e.g addition of antibodies to make them sticky and easy to phagocytose

Killing of pathogens - 4 complement proteins form a membrane attack complex which creates a hole in cell wall of bacteria. Cell bursts

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4
Q

How would you simply describe complement

A

A cascade of reactions by proteins in the serum

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5
Q

Describe the structure of the neutrophil

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

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6
Q

What percentage of the WBCs are neutrophils

A

50-70%

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7
Q

What does a high percentage of WBCs imply

A

Presence of infection

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8
Q

What is the main role of neutrophils

A

Phagocytose and digest pathogens - phagosomes collect pathogens from surface and fuse with phagolysosome. Phagolysosome contains digestive enzymes which kill the pathogenW

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9
Q

What else to neutrophils release

A

Soluble mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and complement

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10
Q

Which line of defence are neutrophils

A

FIrst

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11
Q

Name some primary neutrophil granules found in neutrophils

A

Lysosomes
Myseloperodinase
Natural proteases
Acid hydrolyses

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12
Q

Name some secondary neutrophil granules

A

Lysozome
Collagenase
Lactoferrin
Cathespin B

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13
Q

What term describes the way that neutrophils are attracted towards and the pathogen in question

A

Chemotactic

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14
Q

What is another example of chemotaxis in action other than when moving towards pathogen

A

Identification of tissue damage

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15
Q

Name and describe the 4 stages that relate to the way that innate cells stop and enter the infected tissue

A

Rolling Adhesion -
E-selectin on surface of endothelium is identified by a protein on innate cell. Innate cell therefore slows down and attaches loosely

Tight binding -
Chemokine IL-8 is transcytosed across the endothelial cell. The receptor on the innate cell recognises the IL-8 chemokine and binds. Meanwhile, a stronger bond is produced between the LFA-1 and the ICAM-1 molecule

Diapedesis -
The innate cell pushes apart the tight junctions and moves into tissue

Migration -
The innate cell follows the source of the IL-8 chemokine, taking it to the site of infection

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16
Q

In what way can the macrophage better grasp bacteria

A

They can reorganise their actin structure to form pseudopodia which engulf bacteria that are then ingested into the cell

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17
Q

What is the main process that macrophages found in the tissue carry out

A

Retaining homeostasis - i.e digesting all the dead/dying cell material after apoptosis

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18
Q

Which cells are involved in inflammation

A

Those that derive from maturing monocytes

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19
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus and the bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen

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21
Q

What are concentrated in lymph nodes

A

Antigens

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22
Q

Where is the site of immune response initiation

A

The lymph nodes

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23
Q

Where do naive T cells identify antigens and pass this information to B cells

A

The lymph nodes

24
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell-mediated and humoral

25
Q

Which cells are involved in the innate immune response (6)

A

Mast cell
NK cell
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte/macrophage

26
Q

Which cells are involved in the adaptive immune response (2)

A

T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte

27
Q

Where in lymph nodes are T cells found

A

Cortex

28
Q

Where in the lymph nodes are B cells found

A

Follicles

29
Q

Describe the humoral immune response

A

An extracellular attack by antibodies caused by B cells which originate from the bone marrow

30
Q

Describe the cell-mediated immune response

A

An intracellular attack by T cells which mature in the thymus

31
Q

What is the B cell receptor composed of

A

An antibody

32
Q

What is thought to make lymphoma such a common cancer

A

The instability of T and B cell receptor regions since the genetic code has to randomly change in order to cover the vast number of possible antigens

33
Q

How is autoimmunity prevented in the primary lymphoid organs

A

Lymphocytes go through education to eliminate any self antigens

34
Q

Roughly how many times daily do T cells and B cells circulate the lymph nodes

A

3 times per day

35
Q

What are the 3 roles of the T helper cells

A

To tell B cells to make antibodies
To tell cytotoxic T cells to kill other cells
To direct inflammatory responses in tissue

36
Q

What is the role of the cytotoxic T cell

A

To recognise and kill cells

37
Q

In order for T helper cells to work, what 3 requirements must be met

A

Antigen presentation in the context of MHC
Surface molecule costimulation
Production of cytokines

38
Q

Which MHC must be associated with the antigen in T helper-antigen presenting cell complexes, in order for it to activate T cells

A

MHC II

39
Q

Which MHC is associated with cytotoxic T cells

A

MHC I

40
Q

What does the V region of the antibody refer to

A

The variable region

41
Q

What does the C region of the antibody refer to

A

Constant region

42
Q

What is the other name given to antibodies (in the context of haematology)

A

Immunoglobulins

43
Q

What 2 components are responsible for humoral immunity

A

Antibodies and b cells

44
Q

What is the region of antigen called that the antibody attaches to

A

The epitope

45
Q

Descrribe 4 effects that antibodies can have on pathogens

A

Opsonisation - making the pathogen sticky, therefore marking it for phagocytosis

Neutralisation - antibody binds to virus and prevents it from entering it’s own receptor, therefore it can no longer replicate and DIES

Compliment activation - by the classical pathway

Drive inflammation - via the complement cascade, inflammatory cells are recruited

46
Q

Which fragment of the antibody binds to the antigen

A

The top right variable region

47
Q

Which region of the lymph node is known as being the B-cell region

A

Follicle

48
Q

Which region of lymph node is the T-cell region

A

Cortex

49
Q

Name the monomer antibodies

A

IgD
igE
IgG

50
Q

Name the dimer antibody

A

IgA

51
Q

Name the pentamer antibody

A

IgM

52
Q

Functional characteristic of the IgA antibody

A

Most prevalent in secretions

53
Q

Functional characteristic of the IgD

A

Present on all B-cells

54
Q

Functional characteristic of IgE

A

Parasitic infections and type 1 sensitivity

55
Q

Functional characteristic of Ig G

A

The most abundant antibody and can cross the placenta

56
Q

Functional characteristic of IgM

A

Largest and present on all B-cells

57
Q

What is the first antibody to be produced upon infection

A

IgM

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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