Christmas MCQ Revision Flashcards
Where are langerhans cells found in the skin
Most prominent in the stratum spinosum
Which layer of skin are melanocytes found
Basal layer of epidermis
Which layer of skin are lymphocytes found
Dermis
Merkel cell locaiton
Stratum basal
Tight junctions composition
Claudins
GAP junction composition
Connexins
Focal adhesion composition
Actin
where find simple cuboidal epi
small excretory ducts
what epithelium in stomach
simple columnar epithelium
What epithelium makes up kidney tubules
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What epithelium makes up the trachea
Pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium
What are examples of stratified squamous non-keratinised
palate/oesophagus
Epididymus
Pseudo stratified with stereocilia
Difference between cilia and stereocilia
Stereocilia is immotile, cilia is motile
Basophil structure
Nucleus is bi-lobed or S-shaped
More granules than eosinophil which is also bilobed
Staphylcoccus aerus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive cocci
E.coli
Salmonella
Gram negative bacilli
Listeria monocytogenes
D.diph
Gram positive bacilli
Neisseria meningitis
Neisseria gonnorrhoeae
Gram negative coccus
IgA
Most prevalent in secretions
Dimer
IgD
Present on all B cells
Monomer
IgE
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Parasitic infections
Monomer
IgG
Can enter the placenta
Most abundant
Monomer
IgM
Largest in size
Found in all B cells
Pentamer
Normal APTT
30-40 seconds
Normal PTT
25-35s
Types of shock and brief description
Obstructive -
Blockage to blood vessel e.g PE
Hypovolemic - Loss of intravascular volume e.g major bleeding
Distributive - abnormal distribution of bodily fluids e.g fluid squeezed through endothelial cells during sepsis due to vasodilation
Cardiogenic - heart pump failure e.g MI
Urine output from class 1 - class 4
Class I - >30
Class II - 20-30
Class III - 5-15
Class IV - negligible
How does glycosylation affect protein activity
Increases aggregation
Ectoderm derivatives
Epidermis of skin and its derivitives e.g sweat gland, hair follicle).
Sensory receptor
Tooth enamel
Epitheliujm of pineal gland and pituitary gland
Nervous system
Thyroid gland
Mesoderm derivitives
Notochord
Skeletal system
Dermis
Adrenal cortex
Excretory system
Circulatory/lymphatic systems
Lining of body cavity
Endoderm derivitives
Liver
Pancreas
Thymus
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
What type of molecule and receptor does adrenaline bind to
modified amino acid
G-protein linked
What type of molecule and receptor does testosterone bind to
Steroid hormone
Intracellular receptor
What type of molecule and receptor does thyroxine bind to
Type of amino acid
Nuclear receptor
What type of molecule and which receptor does glutamate bind to
Ion-channel-linked
Neurotransmitter
What receptor does serotonin bind to
G-protein linked receptor
Which type of receptor do growth factors bind to
Usually enzyme linked receptors, specifically RTKs
What type of molecule is oxytocin
Peptide hormone
What type of molecule is insulin/growth factor
Protein hormones
Steroid hormone examples
Testosterone, oestrogen and cortisol
E.g derived from cholesterol
Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins - derived from lipids
Transmission from:
same cell
nearby cell
neighbouring cell (with contact)
far away
Autocrine
Paracrine
Juxtacrine
Endocrine
Aggrecan location and GAGs
Cartilage -
Chondroitin sulfate
Keratan sulfate
Perlecan location and gags
Basement membrane-
Heparan sulfate
Yolk sac is important in
Blood cell formation
Formation of gut
Syndecan location and gags
Cartilage-
Chondroitin sulfate
Heparan sulfate
Decorin location and gags
Widespread in connective tissue-
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
What is the knuckle joint called and what type
Metacarpophalangeal
Saddle
What name and type of joint connects carpal and metacarpal bones
Carpometacarpal - condyloid
Superficial posterior back muscles
Trapezius and latissimus dorsi
Deep posterior back muscles
Rhomboid major and minor
Levator scapulae
Trapezius action on shoulder girdle, head/neck and vertebral column
Shoulder girdle -
descending - keeps it up, tilts the scapula for arm elevation
horizontal and ascending - depress and pull scapula medially
Head and neck - contralateral rotation or extension
Vertebral column - flattens kyphosis
Nerve supply to trapezius muscle
CN XI - spinal accessory
3 origins of the trapezius
Superior nuchal line
Nuchal ligament
C7-T12 spinous processes
3 insertions of trapezius when descending, horizontal and ascending
Descending - lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Horizontal - acromion of scapula
Ascending - spine of scapula
Which back muscle adducts the arm
Latissimus scapulae
Hyperacute transplant rejection and when happens
Preformed antibodies bind to graft antigens - only happens when there has been a previous graft transplant with the same antigens. (mins-hours)
Acute cellular rejection and when happens
T cells destroy graft parenchyma and by inflammatory reactions and cytotoxicity. Can be prevented using anti-inflammatory drugs (days-months)
Acute humeral rejection and when happens
Antibodies damage graft vasculature (days-months)
Chronic rejection and when happens
arteriosclerosis, T cell reaction, secretion of cytokines, parenchymal sclerosis (months-years)
What mediates type 1 hypersensitivity and brief description including example
IgE binds to mast cells releasing histamine and prostaglandin
Primary reaction = IgE
Secondary reaction = prostaglandin
e.g asthma
What mediates type 2 hypersensitivity and brief description including example
IgG and IgM
Antibodies bind to antigens of antigens and activate compliment
e.g good pasture’s syndrome
What mediates type 3 sensitivity, example and brief description
IgG and IgM
Antibodies bind to antigen and activate compliment. Like type II, leukocytes are recruited.
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
Glutamate
What are the names of the 3 cyclin inhibitors
P21 CIP
P27 KIP
P16 INK
How many lobules does the tunica albuginia form and how many seminiferous tubules per t.a
200-300
1-4 seminiferous tubules per tunica albuginia
What is the pampiniform venous plexus
a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord, and the suspensory ligament of the ovary
What is varicocele
Dilation of pampiniform venous plexus causing ‘bag of worms appearance’
What is hydrocoele
Accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis
Cryptochiroidism
Failure of testicles to drop down the inguinal canal all the way
Where are plasma proteins made
The liver
Where are complement proteins synthesised
The liver
What breaks down proteins and where does this happen
Pepsin breaks down protein in the stomach
What composes the forebrain
The diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon (cerebrum)
Where is adrenal gland located
On top of both kidneys
What does adrenal gland produce
Cortisteroids
What composes the renal corpucle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Looking at liver histology, what do the renal corpuscle and collecting ducts look like
Collecting ducts = vertical lines in the medulla
Renal corpuscle = circles in cortex
At what age/frequency are people invited to breast screening
Age 50-70 every 3 years
At what age/frequency are people invited to cervical screening
Age 25-64 every 5 years
At what age/frequency are people invited to bowel screening
Age 50-74 every 2 years
What temp is a fever characterised as being
Over 37.8 degrees
What causes a fever
Pyrogens such as microorganisms and cytokines (such as IL-1) interact with the organum vasculosum in the hypothalamus, allowing for the core temperature to rise. This is caused by an increase in prostaglandins and slowing the rate of warm sensitive neurons.
What are pyrogens
Substances that cause fever or shock in extreme cases
What do the interlobar arteries of the liver
Renal lobes
What are renal lobes
Individual medulla and associated cortex
Example of bipennate muscle
Deltoid
Example of flat muscle
External/internal oblique
Examples of fusiform muscles
Biceps
Example of convergent muscle
pectoralis major
Example of quadrate muscle
Rectus abdominalis
Example of circular muscle
orbicularis occuli
Describe the mechanism of the cough reflex
Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors signal to the brain via the vagus nerve. The brain signal via the phrenic nerve to induce contraction of the inspiratory muscles. Air enters the lungs followed by abdominal muscle contraction. Air and irritants are forcefully released.
How many aortic sinuses are there
3 - 2 coronary and 1 non-coronary
Where do you find the crista terminalis and what function
In the right atrial appendage - site of origin of the pectinate muscles
What is the function of the pectinate muscles
They increase stretch and volume of the right atrium
Pyknosis
nucleus becomes very dark and cytoplasmic space decreases
In which chamber do you find the coronary sinus
Right atrium
What secretes mucous in the stomach and for what function
Mucosal neck cells - to protect the epithelial surfaces from HCl
What do parietal cells secrete and what is the function of this secretion
They secrete HCl which activates pepsin from pepsinogen.
HCl also denatures proteins
Function of pepsin
Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.
What does gastrin stimulate
HCl and pepsinogen secretion
What secretions enter the duodenum via the major papilla
Bile and pancreatic secretions
How many lobes does the liver have and name them
4 lobes - left and right, quadrate and caudate
What can limbal stem cells be used to grow and where found
Corneal epithelium and are found in the cornea of the eye
What does warfarin do and what is mechanism of action
Anticoagulant - inhibits vitamin k dependent clotting factors in the extrinsic pathway
First antibody to be secreted in response to infection
IgM
Type 1 hypersensitivity is the Ig associated with what condition
Hayfever
Juxtacrine
Two cells signalling that are in contact with eachoerh
How does one calculate how much blood needs to be transfused
Weight x Delta Hb x 4
What face of the heart is the coronary sinus
Posterior aspect
