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Phase 1 Medicine > Christmas MCQ Revision > Flashcards

Christmas MCQ Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Where are langerhans cells found in the skin

A

Most prominent in the stratum spinosum

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2
Q

Which layer of skin are melanocytes found

A

Basal layer of epidermis

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3
Q

Which layer of skin are lymphocytes found

A

Dermis

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4
Q

Merkel cell locaiton

A

Stratum basal

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5
Q

Tight junctions composition

A

Claudins

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6
Q

GAP junction composition

A

Connexins

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7
Q

Focal adhesion composition

A

Actin

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8
Q

where find simple cuboidal epi

A

small excretory ducts

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9
Q

what epithelium in stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium

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10
Q

What epithelium makes up kidney tubules

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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11
Q

What epithelium makes up the trachea

A

Pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium

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12
Q

What are examples of stratified squamous non-keratinised

A

palate/oesophagus

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13
Q

Epididymus

A

Pseudo stratified with stereocilia

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14
Q

Difference between cilia and stereocilia

A

Stereocilia is immotile, cilia is motile

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15
Q

Basophil structure

A

Nucleus is bi-lobed or S-shaped

More granules than eosinophil which is also bilobed

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16
Q

Staphylcoccus aerus
Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram positive cocci

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17
Q

E.coli
Salmonella

A

Gram negative bacilli

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18
Q

Listeria monocytogenes
D.diph

A

Gram positive bacilli

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19
Q

Neisseria meningitis

Neisseria gonnorrhoeae

A

Gram negative coccus

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20
Q

IgA

A

Most prevalent in secretions
Dimer

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21
Q

IgD

A

Present on all B cells
Monomer

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22
Q

IgE

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity
Parasitic infections
Monomer

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23
Q

IgG

A

Can enter the placenta
Most abundant
Monomer

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24
Q

IgM

A

Largest in size
Found in all B cells
Pentamer

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25
Q

Normal APTT

A

30-40 seconds

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26
Q

Normal PTT

A

25-35s

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27
Q

Types of shock and brief description

A

Obstructive -
Blockage to blood vessel e.g PE

Hypovolemic - Loss of intravascular volume e.g major bleeding

Distributive - abnormal distribution of bodily fluids e.g fluid squeezed through endothelial cells during sepsis due to vasodilation

Cardiogenic - heart pump failure e.g MI

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28
Q

Urine output from class 1 - class 4

A

Class I - >30
Class II - 20-30
Class III - 5-15
Class IV - negligible

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29
Q

How does glycosylation affect protein activity

A

Increases aggregation

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30
Q

Ectoderm derivatives

A

Epidermis of skin and its derivitives e.g sweat gland, hair follicle).

Sensory receptor

Tooth enamel

Epitheliujm of pineal gland and pituitary gland

Nervous system

Thyroid gland

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31
Q

Mesoderm derivitives

A

Notochord

Skeletal system

Dermis

Adrenal cortex

Excretory system

Circulatory/lymphatic systems

Lining of body cavity

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32
Q

Endoderm derivitives

A

Liver
Pancreas
Thymus
Thyroid and parathyroid glands

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33
Q

What type of molecule and receptor does adrenaline bind to

A

modified amino acid

G-protein linked

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34
Q

What type of molecule and receptor does testosterone bind to

A

Steroid hormone

Intracellular receptor

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35
Q

What type of molecule and receptor does thyroxine bind to

A

Type of amino acid

Nuclear receptor

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36
Q

What type of molecule and which receptor does glutamate bind to

A

Ion-channel-linked

Neurotransmitter

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37
Q

What receptor does serotonin bind to

A

G-protein linked receptor

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38
Q

Which type of receptor do growth factors bind to

A

Usually enzyme linked receptors, specifically RTKs

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39
Q

What type of molecule is oxytocin

A

Peptide hormone

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40
Q

What type of molecule is insulin/growth factor

A

Protein hormones

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41
Q

Steroid hormone examples

A

Testosterone, oestrogen and cortisol

E.g derived from cholesterol

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42
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins - derived from lipids

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43
Q

Transmission from:
same cell
nearby cell
neighbouring cell (with contact)
far away

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Juxtacrine
Endocrine

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44
Q

Aggrecan location and GAGs

A

Cartilage -

Chondroitin sulfate

Keratan sulfate

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45
Q

Perlecan location and gags

A

Basement membrane-

Heparan sulfate

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46
Q

Yolk sac is important in

A

Blood cell formation
Formation of gut

47
Q

Syndecan location and gags

A

Cartilage-

Chondroitin sulfate

Heparan sulfate

48
Q

Decorin location and gags

A

Widespread in connective tissue-

Chondroitin sulfate

Dermatan sulfate

49
Q

What is the knuckle joint called and what type

A

Metacarpophalangeal

Saddle

50
Q

What name and type of joint connects carpal and metacarpal bones

A

Carpometacarpal - condyloid

51
Q

Superficial posterior back muscles

A

Trapezius and latissimus dorsi

52
Q

Deep posterior back muscles

A

Rhomboid major and minor
Levator scapulae

53
Q

Trapezius action on shoulder girdle, head/neck and vertebral column

A

Shoulder girdle -
descending - keeps it up, tilts the scapula for arm elevation
horizontal and ascending - depress and pull scapula medially
Head and neck - contralateral rotation or extension
Vertebral column - flattens kyphosis

54
Q

Nerve supply to trapezius muscle

A

CN XI - spinal accessory

55
Q

3 origins of the trapezius

A

Superior nuchal line
Nuchal ligament
C7-T12 spinous processes

56
Q

3 insertions of trapezius when descending, horizontal and ascending

A

Descending - lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Horizontal - acromion of scapula
Ascending - spine of scapula

57
Q

Which back muscle adducts the arm

A

Latissimus scapulae

58
Q

Hyperacute transplant rejection and when happens

A

Preformed antibodies bind to graft antigens - only happens when there has been a previous graft transplant with the same antigens. (mins-hours)

59
Q

Acute cellular rejection and when happens

A

T cells destroy graft parenchyma and by inflammatory reactions and cytotoxicity. Can be prevented using anti-inflammatory drugs (days-months)

60
Q

Acute humeral rejection and when happens

A

Antibodies damage graft vasculature (days-months)

61
Q

Chronic rejection and when happens

A

arteriosclerosis, T cell reaction, secretion of cytokines, parenchymal sclerosis (months-years)

62
Q

What mediates type 1 hypersensitivity and brief description including example

A

IgE binds to mast cells releasing histamine and prostaglandin

Primary reaction = IgE

Secondary reaction = prostaglandin

e.g asthma

63
Q

What mediates type 2 hypersensitivity and brief description including example

A

IgG and IgM

Antibodies bind to antigens of antigens and activate compliment

e.g good pasture’s syndrome

64
Q

What mediates type 3 sensitivity, example and brief description

A

IgG and IgM

Antibodies bind to antigen and activate compliment. Like type II, leukocytes are recruited.

65
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

A

Glutamate

66
Q

What are the names of the 3 cyclin inhibitors

A

P21 CIP

P27 KIP

P16 INK

67
Q

How many lobules does the tunica albuginia form and how many seminiferous tubules per t.a

A

200-300

1-4 seminiferous tubules per tunica albuginia

68
Q

What is the pampiniform venous plexus

A

a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord, and the suspensory ligament of the ovary

69
Q

What is varicocele

A

Dilation of pampiniform venous plexus causing ‘bag of worms appearance’

70
Q

What is hydrocoele

A

Accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis

71
Q

Cryptochiroidism

A

Failure of testicles to drop down the inguinal canal all the way

72
Q

Where are plasma proteins made

A

The liver

73
Q

Where are complement proteins synthesised

A

The liver

74
Q

What breaks down proteins and where does this happen

A

Pepsin breaks down protein in the stomach

75
Q

What composes the forebrain

A

The diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon (cerebrum)

76
Q

Where is adrenal gland located

A

On top of both kidneys

77
Q

What does adrenal gland produce

A

Cortisteroids

78
Q

What composes the renal corpucle

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

79
Q

Looking at liver histology, what do the renal corpuscle and collecting ducts look like

A

Collecting ducts = vertical lines in the medulla

Renal corpuscle = circles in cortex

80
Q

At what age/frequency are people invited to breast screening

A

Age 50-70 every 3 years

81
Q

At what age/frequency are people invited to cervical screening

A

Age 25-64 every 5 years

82
Q

At what age/frequency are people invited to bowel screening

A

Age 50-74 every 2 years

83
Q

What temp is a fever characterised as being

A

Over 37.8 degrees

84
Q

What causes a fever

A

Pyrogens such as microorganisms and cytokines (such as IL-1) interact with the organum vasculosum in the hypothalamus, allowing for the core temperature to rise. This is caused by an increase in prostaglandins and slowing the rate of warm sensitive neurons.

85
Q

What are pyrogens

A

Substances that cause fever or shock in extreme cases

86
Q

What do the interlobar arteries of the liver

A

Renal lobes

87
Q

What are renal lobes

A

Individual medulla and associated cortex

88
Q

Example of bipennate muscle

A

Deltoid

89
Q

Example of flat muscle

A

External/internal oblique

90
Q

Examples of fusiform muscles

A

Biceps

91
Q

Example of convergent muscle

A

pectoralis major

92
Q

Example of quadrate muscle

A

Rectus abdominalis

93
Q

Example of circular muscle

A

orbicularis occuli

94
Q

Describe the mechanism of the cough reflex

A

Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors signal to the brain via the vagus nerve. The brain signal via the phrenic nerve to induce contraction of the inspiratory muscles. Air enters the lungs followed by abdominal muscle contraction. Air and irritants are forcefully released.

95
Q

How many aortic sinuses are there

A

3 - 2 coronary and 1 non-coronary

96
Q

Where do you find the crista terminalis and what function

A

In the right atrial appendage - site of origin of the pectinate muscles

97
Q

What is the function of the pectinate muscles

A

They increase stretch and volume of the right atrium

98
Q

Pyknosis

A

nucleus becomes very dark and cytoplasmic space decreases

99
Q

In which chamber do you find the coronary sinus

A

Right atrium

100
Q

What secretes mucous in the stomach and for what function

A

Mucosal neck cells - to protect the epithelial surfaces from HCl

101
Q

What do parietal cells secrete and what is the function of this secretion

A

They secrete HCl which activates pepsin from pepsinogen.
HCl also denatures proteins

102
Q

Function of pepsin

A

Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

103
Q

What does gastrin stimulate

A

HCl and pepsinogen secretion

104
Q

What secretions enter the duodenum via the major papilla

A

Bile and pancreatic secretions

105
Q

How many lobes does the liver have and name them

A

4 lobes - left and right, quadrate and caudate

106
Q

What can limbal stem cells be used to grow and where found

A

Corneal epithelium and are found in the cornea of the eye

107
Q

What does warfarin do and what is mechanism of action

A

Anticoagulant - inhibits vitamin k dependent clotting factors in the extrinsic pathway

108
Q

First antibody to be secreted in response to infection

A

IgM

109
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity is the Ig associated with what condition

A

Hayfever

110
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Two cells signalling that are in contact with eachoerh

111
Q

How does one calculate how much blood needs to be transfused

A

Weight x Delta Hb x 4

112
Q

What face of the heart is the coronary sinus

A

Posterior aspect

113
Q
A

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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