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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 11 - Genitourinary System > Flashcards

Week 11 - Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Three regions of the ureter that can be blocked by kidney stones

A

Trigone
Pelvic brim
Pelvouretic junction

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2
Q

How many layers of muscle in upper 2/3 of ureter and what are they

A

2 layers - inner longitudinal and outer circular (opposite to GI tract)

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3
Q

How many layers of muscle in lower 1/3 of ureter and what are they

A

3 layers - inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal

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4
Q

Function of outer serosa/adventitia in ureter

A

Connective tissue containing blood, vessels and nerves

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5
Q

What structural feature prevents the reflux of urine from a full bladder

A

Folds of mucosa

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6
Q

Layers that envelope the kidney from innermost to outermost

A

Renal capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat

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7
Q

What vertebral level are the kidneys

A

T12-L3

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8
Q

What do adrenal glands secrete

A

Cortisteroids (cortisol), androgens (hormones that promote growth and reproduction) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone - regulates bp)

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9
Q

Sympathetic innervation of bladder and sphincters

A

Innervates the internal sphincter and bladder wall
L1,2

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10
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the bladder/spincters

A

Innervates the bladder wall
S2,3,4

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11
Q

Somatic innervation of the bladder/spincters

A

S2,3,4
Sensory and motor to the external sphincter

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12
Q

Through which nerve do the afferents from bladder wall run

A

Hypogastric nerve and enter the cord in the upper lumbar roots

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13
Q

Where are the locations of the 3 afferents

A

Bladder wall stretch
Sensors in the urethra
Skeletal muscle sensors in the external sphincter

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14
Q

What are the 3 efferents

A

External sphincter via somatic
Internal sphincter via the sympathetic
Detrusor via the parasympathetic

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15
Q

Parasympathetic/sympathetic during storage phase

A

Sympathetic

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16
Q

Parasympathetic/sympathetic during voiding phase

A

Parasympathetic

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17
Q

Hypogastric nerve

A

This nerve surpasses the contraction of the detrusor muscle in the storage phase

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18
Q

Pudenal nerve

A

This nerve controls the external sphincter in the storage phase

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19
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerve

A

Causes detrusor to contract in the voiding phase

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20
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

Bladder wall contractions start at lower volumes, therefore people will have sudden urge to pee even though their bladders remain fairly empty

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21
Q

Atonic bladder

A

Bladder fills with little sensation of this happening - too compliant. Person will find it difficult to empty bladder and therefore may require catheter.

22
Q

What is the site of structural abnormality of the prostrate in older men

A

Transitional zone of the prostate gland

23
Q

Layers of tissue that envelope the kidneys from innermost to outermost

A

Capsule -> Perirenal fat -> Renal fascia -> Pararenal fat

24
Q

What vertebral level are the kidneys

A

T12-L3

25
Q

Blood supply to the adrenal gland

A

Superior adrenal artery from the inferior phrenic, middle adrenal artery from abdominal aorta and inferior adrenal artery from renal artery.

26
Q

Difference between retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal

A

Retroperitoneal usually means fixed to posterior abdominal wall

Intraperitoneal usually means mobile

27
Q

Examples of retroperitoneal organs

A

SAD PUCKER

S- suprarenal (adrenal gland)
A - Aorta and inferior vena cava
D - duodenum (2nd and 3rd segments)

P - pancreas
U - ureters
C - colon (ascending and descending)
K - kidney
E - oesophagus
R - rectum

28
Q

Length of ureter

A

25cm

29
Q

Anatomical parts of ureter

A

Abdominal and pelvic region

30
Q

In what motion does urine move down the ureter

A

Peristalsis

31
Q

3 areas where kidney stones may cause blockage

A

Pelvouretic brim
Trigone
Pelvic brim

32
Q

3 areas where ureter is most narrow

A

Pelvic brim
Point where ureter meets bladder
Uteropelvic junction

33
Q

Upper two thirds of ureter is…

A

2 layers - Smooth muscle - inner longitudinal and outer circular

34
Q

Lower third of ureter is…

A

3 layers - Smooth muscle - inner longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal

35
Q

What is different about submocosa of the ureter

A

There is no submucosa

36
Q

Why is ureter highly folded

A

To prevent reflux of urine when bladder becomes full

37
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the male urethra

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy/penile urethra

38
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the female urethra

A

Proximal and distal urethra

39
Q

What is the trigone region formed by

A

The two ureters and the urethra

40
Q

bladder capacity

A

300-500ml

41
Q

Blood supply of the urinary bladder

A

Internal iliac vessels

42
Q

When relaxed what is the appearance of the transitional epithelium of the bladder

A

Cuboidal/columnar lower cells and cuboidal apical cells

43
Q

When distended what is the appearance of the transitional epithelium of the bladder

A

Superficial cells become squamous in appearance

44
Q

Difference between the L+R gonadal veins

A

L gonadal vein drains into the renal vein whereas R gonadal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava

45
Q

If there is kidney pathology, how might this be shown in the left testicle

A

Increases pressure in left renal vein and causes varicocele of the pampiform venous plexus

46
Q

In what anatomical direction does the left renal vein cross the aorta

A

Posteriorly

47
Q

What constitutes the spermatic cord

A

Vas deferens and surrounding tissue

48
Q

What is the serosal covering of the spermatic cord typically called

A

Tunica vaginalis

49
Q

3 layers that make up the spermatic cord

A

External spermatic fascia
Cremasteric muscle
Internal spermatic fascia

50
Q
A

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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