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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 4 - Neoplasia > Flashcards

Week 4 - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Science of disease

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2
Q

What is the mnemonic for the surgical sieve

A

VITAMIN CDEF (different types of pathology)

vascular
inflammation
trauma
autoimmune
metabolic
iatrogenic
neoplastic

congenital
degenerative
endocrine
functional

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3
Q

3 types of pathology specific investigations

A

Cytology sampling (study of individual cells) - fluid sampling, fine needle aspiration

Tissue sampling - biopsy or resection

Immunohistochemistry/genetic profiling

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4
Q

What is neoplasia

A

An excessive, irreversible and uncontrolled growth which persists even after withdrawal of the stimuli that caused it

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5
Q

What happens when cells are under stress

A

They undergo changes to help respond to this stress

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

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7
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

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8
Q

What is atrophy

A

Reduction in cell size

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9
Q

What is metaplasia

A

Change from one cell type to another

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10
Q

What is the name for programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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11
Q

What is the name for uncontrolled cell death

A

Necrosis

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12
Q

When is inflammation initiated

A

They ‘clean up’ after cell death

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13
Q

7 features of benign disease

A

Not invasive
Slow growing
Damage at local level
Few cell division
Regular nuclei
Resemble the tissue of origin
Well encapsulated

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14
Q

How can be identify cancerous cells in terms of h&e colours

A

Cancerous = very purple since chromosome condenses

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15
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Abnormal structure due to a failure of differentiation contributing to:

Disordered architecture of tissue

Disordered cellular features - PLEOMORPHISM (able to assume different shapes and sizes) nuclei e.g cells with massive nuclei

Mitotic figures (able to see irregular mitotic division is happening) e.g spindle fibres coming from 3 poles

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16
Q

6 features of malignant cancer

A

Invasive
Grows fast
Shows features of dysplasia
Can metastasise
Damage at local OR distant sites
Does NOT resemble site of origin

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17
Q

3 ways in which cancer can metastasise

A

Lymphatics
Through blood
Transcoelomic

18
Q

What do we call cancer that have metastasised so we cannot easily identify the site the cancer originated in

A

Cancer of unknown primary

19
Q

What is the ending of benign epithelial neoplasms

A

-oma

20
Q

What is the ending of a malignant epithelial neoplasm

A

-carcinoma

21
Q

What is the ending of benign connective tissue neoplasms

A

-oma

22
Q

What is the ending of malignant connective tissue

A

-sarcoma

23
Q

How are HER2 breast cancers tested

A

Using immunohistochemistry

24
Q

Microsatellite instability

A

MSI occurs when there is a failure to repair damaged DNA in the cell cycle

25
Q

How are neoplasms graded

A

how closely the neoplasm corresponds with the normal cells for that tissue - the more dysplastic the cells are, the higher the grade

26
Q

How are neoplasms given ‘stages’

A

Based on how far the neoplasm has spread through the body

27
Q

TNM classification of staging

A

Tumour - measures local invasion

Node - measures spread to the lymph node

Metastasis - measures spread to distant tissues

28
Q

Example of cellular atrophy

A

Reduction in brain size - brain becomes shrunken (membrane lines more visible, with fewer material in between)

29
Q

Example of cellular hyperplasia

A

Endometrium can become too thick

30
Q

Example of cellular hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following exercise

31
Q

Example of cellular metaplasia

A

Barrett’s oesophagus stratified squamous epithelium becomes like cells found in the intestine

32
Q

Pleomorphism

A

cells with disrupted structures e.g massive nucleus

33
Q

What is anaplasia

A

Poorly differentiated cells so can’t trace the cancerous cells to their origin

34
Q

Mitotic figures

A

Atypical mitosis e.g spindle fibres coming from 3 poles

35
Q

Which type of cancer will less likely become dysplastic or metastasise

A

Benign cancer

36
Q

Difference between invasion and metastasis

A

Invasion is spread within the region of the original site whereas metastasis is when cancer spreads to a distinctly different site

37
Q

Example of symptoms due to metastasis

A

Lung cancer causing deposits in the liver, causing abdomen pain

38
Q

Example of a systemic symptom of cancer

A

Weight loss

39
Q

Explain how a failure of p53 could cause cancer

A

If p53 can’t arrest the cell cycle to check for DNA damage, cells with mutated DNA will be able to replicate uncontrolled

These mutations confer a higher risk of dysplastic cells and then malignancy secondary to uncontrolled and unregulated cell division

40
Q
A

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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