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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 1 - Intro to histology > Flashcards

Week 1 - Intro to histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology

A

Microscopic anatomy

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2
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

A cell that has no nucleus, for example bacteria

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3
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

Cells that have a nucleus and cytoplasm

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4
Q

What are the 3 main things that make up a cell and what are they

A

Cytosol (intracellular fluid)
Cytoskeleton (network protein filaments which give structure)
Organelles (a sub cellular structure which carries out one or more function)

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5
Q

What 3 roles of the cell membrane

A

To maintain the structure of the cell
To adhere to other membranes in order to form a barrier in skin cells for example
To maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

What is a cellular projection and name 2 examples

A

A cellular protuberance (dendrites, axons, cilia

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7
Q

What is the definition of a tissue

A

Groups of similar cells working together to carry out a common function

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8
Q

What 2 things make up tissues

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

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9
Q

What is a tissue containing the same type of cell

A

Simple tissue

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10
Q

What is a tissue containing multiple types of tissue

A

Compound tissue

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11
Q

What do you call a tissue that carries out a specific function in an organ

A

Parenchyma (working tissue)

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12
Q

What do you call a tissue that provides scaffolding and nutrition

A

Stroma tissue

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13
Q

What is an organ

A

Several tissue types which perform a specific function

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14
Q

What is an organ system

A

A system of organs that work together (e.g urinary system comprises of ureters, bladder)

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15
Q

Name 4 types of tissue and their function

A

Connective - supports and protects
Epithelial - lines/covers body surfaces
Nervous - generates electrical signals in response to environment
Muscle - contains cells which contract to generate a force

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16
Q

Describe briefly the process of epithelial cancer

A

One of the epithelial cells despecialises due to a genetic mutation. Cancerous cell proliferates. Cancerous cell spreads from the initial site/primary site to another part of the body through metastasis

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17
Q

What is metastasis

A

the spread of disease from primary site to secondary site

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18
Q

What is dissemination

A

Spread of disease

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19
Q

What are the 4 stages of tissue processing for histology and give a brief description of each step

A

Fixation - freezing sample (-80 degrees) or use an aldehyde such as formaldehyde
Embedding - sample is embedded in paraffin wax which provides support for sectioning
Sectioning - using a microtome to cut thin sections
Staining - specific and non-specific staining

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20
Q

What is the most common stain and what does each component target

A

H+E (haematoxylin and eosin) H is basic and therefore targets acids such as DNA
E is acidic and therefore targets bases such as the cytoplasm

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21
Q

What does PAS target and what does PAS stand for

A

Periodic acid/schiff targets carbohydrates and glycogen thus turning the liver since it contains lots of glycogen, mucus, basement membranes and brush borders

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22
Q

What colour do lipids appear as and why

A

They appear clear in colour since the lipids were dissolved by the paraffin wax (I think)

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23
Q

What can be used as an alternative to increase the resolution of histology

A

Electron microscopy

24
Q

Where are cells joined together when they are bound by membranes?

A

cell junctions

25
Q

Describe the basic structure of epithelial tissue

A

Continuous sheets of epithelial cells that are 1 or more layers thick

26
Q

List 3 main epithelial cell locations and give examples

A

External body surfaces e.g epidermis layer of skin
Closed cavities
Body tubes e.g respiratory tract
Secretory portions of glands and ducts
Sensory receptive regions of sensory organs e.g ear/nose

27
Q

Describe the density of epithelial cells

A

In close contact

28
Q

What are the binding points called between epithelial cells

A

cell to cell junctions

29
Q

What do gap junctions allow between epithelial cells

A

communication between cells

30
Q

Where are epithelial cells positioned

A

They are always attached to the basement membrane

31
Q

Why are epithelial cells bound to basement membrane

A

Since epithelial cells are polarised

32
Q

What does the basement membrane act as

A

A selective filtration barrier

33
Q

Describe the energy source of epithelial cells

A

Avascular so rely on nutrients from connective tissue below

34
Q

Which region of epithelial cell points outwards

A

The apex

35
Q

What can sometimes be found on the apex of cells

A

Cilia

36
Q

Name 5 functions of epithelial cells

A

They can act as a barrier for example skin which is susceptible to abrasion

Can protect toxic molecules and microorganisms from entering the body

Some epithelium can allow substances through for example diffusion of o2/co2 across the lung epithelial tissue

Involved in secretion in the glands

Can make special senses such as hearing/smell through combining with nervous tissue

37
Q

What are the 2 main types of epithelia and give a description

A

Covering epithelia - cover/line all body surfaces, cavities and tubes

Glandular epithelia - collections of secretory epithelial cells that synthesise and secrete products.

38
Q

Which body system is glandular epithelia very common in

A

Gastroenterology

39
Q

Name and describe the two subcategories of glandular epithelia

A

Exocrine epithelia which remain continuity with surface and secrete via a duct

Endocrine glands which lose contact with surface and secrete directly into bloodstream

40
Q

Give an example of an exocrine gland

A

Salivary gland

41
Q

Give an example of an endocrine gland

A

Thyroid gland

42
Q

What does simple mean and give description

A

Single layer- good for absorption but fragile

43
Q

Stratified

A

2 or more layers - good for protection

44
Q

Pseudostratified

A

One layer with a mixture of cell shapes (looks stratified but not all cells reach the surface

45
Q

Define squamous

A

Flat shaped

46
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube shaped

47
Q

Columnar

A

tall cylindrical shape

48
Q

Transitional

A

will readily change shape

49
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Flat, nuclei are squashed
Used for diffusion, secretion and absorption but little barrier/protection against friction
Found in lining of blood vessels

50
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

Single layer, cube shaped, some have microvilli
Good for diffusion, secretion absorption
Found in surface of ovaries

51
Q

Simple Columnar

A

single layer of tall narrow cells, some have cilia
Used for movement of substances, absorption and secretion. More protection
Found in glands

52
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Multiple layers, cube shaped, more flat towards surface. Can be keratinised or non-keratinised (moist)
Prevent water loss, protection from abrasion, infection barrier
Keratinised=skin
Non-keratinized = mouth, throat

53
Q

What makes non-keratinised layer soft

A

a layer of fluid on outside

54
Q

What makes keratinised stratified epithelium more rough

A

Keratinised layer with dead cells which have had their cytoplasm replaced by keratin

55
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

Single layer but looks like lots of layers since some cells reach free surface and some do not. Usually have cilia.
Synthesises and secretes mucus and move foreign particles over the surface
Found in the lining of the nasal cavity, sinuses etc

56
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Unique type of stratified epithelium that can change shape - cuboidal/columnar when not stretched/flattened when stretched. Number of layers decreases upon stretching since cells shift on top of each other
Used to accommodate fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs. Protects against caustic effects of urine
Located in urinary bladder

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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