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Phase 1 Medicine > Week 2 - Microbiology > Flashcards

Week 2 - Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a microorganism

A

An organism/replicating entity that is of microscopic size

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1
Q

What is microbiology

A

The study of micro-organisms (or macroscopic for example some worms) their relationships with humans

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2
Q

3 types of cellular microorganisms

A

Bacteria
Protozoa/other parasites
Fungi

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3
Q

2 types of acellular microorganisms

A

Viruses and prions (are more like deviated proteins)

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4
Q

5 features of prokaryotes

A

No membrane bound nucleus
Transcription and translation are coupled (i.e not in ribosome and nucleus)
Single, circular chromosomal DNA
Additional DNA carried in plasmids
Usually bacteria

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5
Q

4 features of eukaryotes

A

DNA is held in chromosomes inside membrane bound nucleus
Translation and transcription processes are compartmentalised
Cytoplasm is rich in membrane bound organelles
Cellular organisms other than bacteria

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6
Q

How is DNA found in bacteria

A

Long, circular form sometimes with plasmids in addition

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7
Q

What else surrounds the membrane around the bacteria

A

Cell wall
Thick capsule

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8
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Via binary fission (asexual reproduction by separation into 2 bodies)

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9
Q

What makes bacteria gram-positive

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan on cell wall so crystal violet remains

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10
Q

What makes bacteria gram-negative

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan on cell wall

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11
Q

What makes bacteria gram-stain unreliable

A

Very small bacteria, atypical life cycle, atypical structure, don’t have complex wall

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12
Q

What can be used when bacteria are gram stain unreliable

A

PCR
Microscopy
Alternative staining/culture techniques

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13
Q

What counter-stains the gram negative bacteria

A

Safranin

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14
Q

2 examples of gram positive coccus bacteria

A

Streptococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae

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15
Q

2 examples of gram positive rods

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Corynebacterium diphtherie

16
Q

2 examples of gram negative cocci

A

Nisseria meningiditis/gonnorrhoeae

17
Q

2 examples of gram negative rods

A

escherichia coli
salmonella species

18
Q

What is a commensal organism

A

One that uses food supplied internally/externally without establishing a close relationship - mutualistic

19
Q

3 benefits of natural flora from birth

A

Immune stimulation
Metabolic waste products - vitamins K and B
Competition and natural by-products inhibit the establishment of infection

20
Q

5 sites of colonisation of bacteria

A

Colon (most diverse and large in number)
Skin
Distal GI tract
Upper resp
Distal urethra

21
Q

Name 7 sterile body sites

A

Blood, tissue, organ systems
Central nervous system
Exposed conjunctivae
Female reproductive tract down to the cervix
Lower respiratory tract
Sinuses, inner and middle ear
Renal system down to postural urethra

22
Q

Define a parasitic infection

A

Establishment, persistence and reproduction of an infectious agent at the expense of a host

23
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

Infection by less virulent infection that ubiquitous in the environment but might cause harm in immunocompromised individuals

24
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Hospital acquired infection

25
Q

Carrier state

A

A host that has an infection that is inapparent throughout it’s course and has no symptoms - can be chronic or transient

26
Q

Endotoxins

A

lipopolysaccharide - forms the outer part of the cell membrane of gram negative bacteria

27
Q

Exotoxins (super antigens)

A

Produced by gram positive intracellularly and released by mature toxins on infection

For example

streptococcus aureus
streptococcus pyogenes

28
Q

What do exotoxins cause

A

Non-specific polyclonal T cell stimulation
Toxic shock syndrome

29
Q

Factors that determine whether patients will develop an infection

A

Age

Gender

Ethnicity

Personal hygiene

Nutrition

Other medical conditions

Immunocompromise due to condition or medication

Presence of bionic materials e.g plastic/metal - vascular endothelium is designed to reject any bacteria or foreign objects therefore organisms can target these metals and plastics since easy to stick to

30
Q

Why might faecal samples need to be decontaminated

A

due to diverse flora present

31
Q

Example of testing you might do on faecal sample

A

latex agglutination to determine whether any antigens or antibodies are present

32
Q

What is sepsis

A

Physiological response to severe infection when the body responds improperly to infection. Involves cytokine cascades, free radical production and vasoactive mediators

33
Q

Name the 6 forms of cocci

A

Coccus
Diplococci
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Tetrad
Sarcina

34
Q

Name 4 forms of bacilli

A

Simple bacillus
Diplobacilli
Streptobacili
Palisades

35
Q
A

Phase 1 Medicine (37 decks)

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