WEEK 7- Olfaction, vision, taste, audition Flashcards
what are the 5 main things are eyes collect info on
- Object location
- Size
- Color
- Texture
- Motion
- Object location
- Size
- Color
- Texture
- Motion
are all things the _____ picks up on
eye
what is the order that light passes through before reaching the retina
cornea
pupil
lens
true or false this is the prder taht light passes through before egtting to the retina
pupul
lens
cornea
false
true or false the retina is the first location that light passes throiugh from the the outside
false, the cornea
what type of cells doe sthe retina contain
photoreceptive cells
what are the two types of photoreceptive cells
rods and cones
what is teh function of photorecetive cells in the retina
responding to light
how is visual info passed to the brain
information sent by axons through optic disk along the optic nerve to the brain
what is the fovea
area of highest visual acuity
what is the optic disk
“blind spot” area without photorecpetors
area where optic nerve leaves the eye
true or flase the left eye contains the left visual field an dthe right contains teh right visual field
fasle,
each eye contains both left an dright visual fields
true or flase
Both eyes receive information from Left and Right visual fields
true
why do we receive left an dright visual field info in both eyes
so that we can compensate if we lose vision in one eye
is this true:
the right eye has their left visual field on the nasal aspect and the right visual field on the temporal aspect
BUT the left eye ha steh right visual field on the nasal aspect and the left visual field on the temporal aspect
yes
how are visual fields presented on the retina
binocular visual fields
flipped horizontally and vertically
is peripheral vision monocular or binocular
monocular= only visible on one eye
True or false
left peripheral vision is only being represented on teh left nasal retina
true
(comes from left temporal field of vision)
Axons of which part of the eye go to brain
retinal cell axons
optic chiasm is composed of which retina axons (nasal or temporal)
nasal
nasal retina image is which field of view
temporal
true or false temporal retina axons cross at the chiasm
false
temporal field of view but nasal retina
Which field of vision do optic tracts consists of
contralateral field of vision
is this true:
right optic tract contains information from left visual field
yes
what is right hemianopsia
loss of right visual field
what is Phototransduction:
light energy converted into electrical signals
which cells convert light to electrical signals
photoreceptors (rods and cones)
true or false photoreceptors produce action potentials.
false, they do not
do photoreceptors depolarize in the presence of light
no they hyperpolarize in the presence of light and release less neurotansmitter
in the presence of light, photorecepetors release a _____ release of neurotransmitters
steady
rods and cones synapse with
bipolar cells
which part of the RETINA does light land on first
external layer = photoreceptors
what is the order of cells in the RETINA that light passes through
PHOTORECEPTORS
BIPOLAR CELLS
RETINAL GANGLION CELLS
TRUE OR FALSE
When photoreceptors are hyper polarized, neurotransmitter release to Bipolar cells is increased
false
are bipolar cells excitatory or inhibitory
excititory
In teh presence of ligth after synapsing with the _____ bipolar cells depolarize and synapse with _______
photoreceptors
retinal ganglion cells
which cells form the optic nerve
RETINAL GANGLION CELL
where are action potentials generated
in optic nerve
rods and cones are
photoreceptors
rods and cones synapse with
bipolar cells
peripheral or central visual fields cross at teh chiasm
peripheral = temporal visual fiels that land on the nasal aspect of each eye
_____ rods synapse with _____ bipolar cell
multiple
ONE
rods are _____ sensitive to light but _____ acuity
more
lower
do rods have high or low acuity
low
are rods more or less sensitive to ligjt than cones
more
____ cone synapses wiwith _______ bipolar cell
one
one
cones are _____ sensitive to light but _____ acuity
less
higher
cones are repsonsible for what type of vision
colour
cones are much more concentrated where
at the foveaaaaaa
makes sence seeming it has higher visual acuity
Cone = aCuity
is thsi true:
we do not interpret each small dot of light of each receptive field in our environment
true
true or false the WAY we perceive colours is through cones
false = high motor cortext
being able to see colour is cones
but my blue an dyour blue are diff
which two centers do we have in retinal ganglion cells (RGC)
on centre
off centre
what do on centre RGC do
produce action potentials when light is shined in the centre of their receptive fields and are inhibited by light in the surround area
what do OFF centre RGC do
produce Action Potentials when there is decreased light in the centre of their receptive fields
what do we see if not each small dot of light
CONTRAst = BOUNDARIES, EDHGES, CORNERS
and teh rest is filled in my out brains
true or false
Ganglion cells are very responsive when the center and surround are simultaneously stimulated by light and dark
true
what is the vidual pathway steps
retina
optic nerve
LGN
primary visal cortex
(superior colliculus for reflexes and eye movent)
what is LGN
he first processing centre from visual info from the optic nerve
lesion to the right optic nerve :
complete loss fo sight in eye
(lecture she says loss of right peripheral info)
right optic tract lesion
compleet loss of left visual field
lesion to optic chiasm
temporal visual fields lost
loss of right primary visual cortex
loss of left visual field
quadrantonopsia can happen where
in optic radiations and in the cortical region below or above calcarine sulcus
what are retinopic maps
Ensures that orientation/spatial
information about visual stimuli are communicated from the retina to the upper levels of the visual pathway.
what am i describing Ensures that orientation/spatial
information about visual stimuli are communicated from the retina to the upper levels of the visual pathway.
retinopic organziation
true or false Details are further refined in the primary visual cortex
true
how are details furtehr refined in teh visual cortex (3 examples)
level of orientation, rate of motion, amount of light contrast…)
true or false : visual cortex is bringing in all the pieces togetehr to see an image
true
what is the purpose of smell
Detect airborne molecules – Odorants
what does smell influence (4)
social interactions, reproduction, defensive responses and feeding
Airborne odorants interact with ______ int he _________
olfactory receptor neurons
olfactory epithelium
cell bodies of primary sensory neurons of olfactory system are located hwere
olfactory epithelium
olfactpry neurvce is
axons from the receptor neuron
where do the central projections of the receptor olfactory neuron project through and who do they project to
cribiform plate and to the olfactory bulb
what is the path of smell
primary sensory neurons (olfctory nerve) in the olfactory epithelium sensing odorants in area
synapse with secondary sensory neurons in olfactory bulb through the cribiform plate
info travels through olfactory tarct to piriform cortex (also amygdala)
then to orbitofrontal cortex + thalamus for more descrimination of smells
also to hypothalamus and hippocampus for emotiosn and memory
true or false Olfactory signals can evoke memories (hypothalamus/ hippocampus), emotions (amygdala
true
if smell goes to the amygdala what canit evoke
emotions
if smell goes to hypothalamus and hippocampus what can it evoke
memories
know the slide about tranduction of an odour to action potential
true or false teh olfactory nerve is teh bulb and tract
false its the primary sensory neuron eho has receptirs durectky receing the odorant
what is the purpose of gustary system 2 reasons
- Information about ingested substances
(quality, quantity and safety) - prepares the GI system to receive and digest food
what are the 5 types of taste
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami
where are taste cells located
on taste buds
where are taste buds located
the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and upper esophagus
what do taste buds contain
gustatory neurons
which CN detect taste
VII, IX and X
where doe sthe first synapse occur
NUCLEUS SOLIATIUS
who does ant 2/3 of taset on tongue
dn 7
who does posterior 1/3 tatse
9
who does taste on epiglottis
10
does tatse got o thalamus if yes where
yes VPM
what is the auditory system main purpise
- Important to movement, attention, and arousal
Guides behaviours such as orienting to stimuli, communication, as well as self-generated sounds
humans with normal hearing can detect sounds form
20Hz to 20 KHz
ear is divided in 3 main part
outer
middle
inner
timpanic membrabe is ttached to which bone
malleus
what are the bones of teh ear
malleus
incus
stapes
inner ear is what
cochlea +vestibular ap
sounds from the external ear pass through the middle ear and hit the _____
tympanic membrane
teh tympanic membrane is responsible for
amplifying sounds
inner ear is made up of the ____
cochlea
what does the organ of corti house
inner hair cells
outer hair cells
basillar membrane
tectorial membrane
hair cells are between what
tectorial membrane
basillar
what happens when sound enters the ear
Sounds produce shearing motions between the basilar membrane and the and the tectorial membrane.
The shearing motions bend the hair cells, opening ion channels and producing action potentials in the auditory nerve (found in the spiral ganglion).
what is the organ of corti
sense organ of hearing
hair cells lie on which membrane
basilar
basilar membrane is in….
organ of corti
stereocilia on hair cells bend due to what
vibration of teh basilar membrane
stereocilia bends against what
tectorial membrane
what kind of channels are present at the stereocilia
mechanically gated
what happebs when stereocilia on hair cells are bent?
mechanically gated ion channels open and ions flow in causeing an AP through it and into the auditory nerve
which hair cells in particular cause “opens ion channels and triggers an action potential”
inner
which hair cells cause “Act mechanically on basilar membrane and improve frequency sensitivity of inner hair cells”
outer
which hair cells transduce sound stimulus
inner
which hair cells are afferent
inner
which hair cells receive input from CNS
outer
true or false outer hair cells are afferent
false
outer cells are “efferent or afferent”
effeerent
damage to which hair cells cause heraing loss
inner
understand how the auditory pathway is !!!
we know this cuxz of anat
what are the 4 inmporatnt structure sinthe auditory pathway
Cochlear nucleus:
superior olivary nuclei
inferior colliculis
medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
wher eis the auditory cortex
temporal love
whatis the role of superior olivary complex
sound localization
role of thalamus and inferior colliculi
x
further processing of frequency, amplitude and localization information.processing sounds
