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Phgy 455 > WEEK 2- MS pt 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 2- MS pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the Cns

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what make sup the PNS

A

(everything else besides brain and spinal cord)
* Somatosensory system
* Autonomic nervous system
* Sympathetic
* Parasympathetic

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3
Q

what are neurons (general)

A

information processors

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4
Q

Neurons ______ and _____ information through synapses

A

send
receive

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5
Q

name two important structires of neurons

A

axons
dendrites

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6
Q

what kind of neurons come togetehr at a synapse ?

A

presynaptic
post synaptic

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7
Q

true or false : a post synaptic neuron passes info to the presynaptic neuron at the synapse

A

false … its the reverse…. but technically the post synaptic neuron becomes the pre synaptic when it passe sinfo to teh next neuron

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8
Q

true or false? glial cells are directly involved in synaptic transmission

A

false = no electrcal signaling properties

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9
Q

name 3 common types of glial cells (from notes)

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

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10
Q

true or false oligodendrocytes are involved in myelin procuction

A

true

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11
Q

what are glial cells known for?

A

maintaining ionic milieu

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12
Q

what do glial cells help modulate

A

rate of signal
neurotransmitter reuptake
metabolism of neurotransmitter

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13
Q

what are two types of synaose

A

electrical
chemical

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14
Q

are electrical synapse fast?

A

yes

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15
Q

are lectrical synapse unidirection or bidirectional

A

trick question… theyre both

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16
Q

where does an AP flow from 1 neuron to the next in elevctrical synapse

A

gap junction

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17
Q

true or false in an electrical synapse neurons are touching

A

true

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18
Q

true or false chemical synapse are slower than electrical synapse

A

true

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19
Q

are chemical synapse unidirectional or bidirectional

A

uni

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20
Q

Action Potential in presynaptic neuron leads to opening of…..
for chemical synapse

A

voltage gated Ca2+

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21
Q

in a chemical synapse … synaptic vescicles are dependednt on what ion

A

ca2+

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22
Q

what is release din synaptic cleft in a chemical synapse

A

neurotransmitters

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23
Q

talk to me about the 6 steps of chemical synapse

A
  1. Action potential (change in ionic charge of neuron)
  2. Opening of voltage-gated Ca+ channels
  3. Neurotransmitters released into synaptic clef (presynaptic)
  4. Binding of Neurotransmitters to receptors (postsynaptic)
  5. Ions flowing into post-synaptic neuron
  6. Removal of neurotransmitters (degradation or re-uptake)
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24
Q

name two types of post synaptic neurotransmitter receptors

A

ionotropic
metabotropic

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25
Q

true or false, you can have both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors on a membrane

A

true

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26
Q

what binnds to post synaptic neurotransmitter receptors (general)

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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27
Q

which is faster ionotropic receptor or metabo recept

A

iono

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28
Q

when a neurotrabnsmitter binds to a post synaptic receptor what flows into the post synaptic cell

A

ions

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29
Q

what is an ex of ionotropic rectot

A

ligand gated ion channel

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30
Q

what is an ex of metabotropic rectot

A

g protein coupled receptor

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31
Q

walk through 5 steps of g protein coupled recepto

A
  1. neurotransmoitter binds to protein eceptor
  2. g protein is activated
  3. g protein subunits or intracellular messengers modulate ion channels
  4. ion challeds open
  5. ions flow in
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32
Q

over ______ neurotrabsmitters exist

A

100

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33
Q

what are the two categories of neurotransmitters

A

small molecule
neuropeptides or peptides

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34
Q

what are some examples of small molecule neurotarnsmitters

A

glutamate
gaba
ach
serotonin
histamine
dopamine
norep
ep

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35
Q

whats an example od peptide neurotransmitter (3-36 amino acids)

A

opiods

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36
Q

What is the main excititory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

glutamate

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37
Q

true or false glutamate contyributes to 1/2 of teh synapses in the brain

A

true

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38
Q

what is glutamates precursor

A

glutamine

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39
Q

glutamate is degraded by reuptake through what?

A

glial cells

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40
Q

true or false : glutamate only binds to metabotropic receptors

A

false ionotropic also = both

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41
Q

what are some of teh receptors that glutamate binds to (specific ones)

A

nmda
ampa
kainate

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42
Q

what are some of the roles of glutamate

A
  • Involved in cellular mechanisms of learning and memory
  • Involved in pain transduction
  • Excitotoxicity (secondary cell death)
  • General anesthesia decreases glutamate activity (amongst other effects)
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43
Q

what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

44
Q

true or false 1/2 of the synapses in teh brain are due to gaba

A

false … thats glutamate
the answer is 1/3

45
Q

what is gaba precursor

A

glucose

46
Q

like glutamate, gaba is degraded by reuptake through glial cells , true or false

A

true

47
Q

true or false gaba binds to both metabotropic and ionotropic receptors

A

true

48
Q

true or false GABA a is metabotropic receptor

A

false irs Gaba b

49
Q

what kind of receptor ir GABA a

A

ionotropic

50
Q

what kind of rceeptor is gaba b

A

metabotropic

51
Q

true or false gaba b is a metabotropic receptor

A

true
trick : ** metaBotropic (gaba B)

52
Q

what are the main roles of gaba

A

Very common in local circuits interneurons or highly inhibitory system such as cerebellum

53
Q

what are agonists?

A

somethign taht mimics somehtign else

54
Q

what are examples of GABA agonists

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Barbiturates
55
Q

name a function of benzos

A

help with anxiety and sleep

56
Q

name a function of barbituates

A

sedation

57
Q

is ACh excitatory or inhibitory

A

excititory

58
Q

where is Ach synthesized

A

in nerve terminals

59
Q

what are ACh precursors

A

acetyl coenzyme a and choline

60
Q

true or false : ach is degraded by glial cells

A

false : by acetylcholinerase

61
Q

what does ach bind to

A

nicotinic receptors
muscarinic receptors

62
Q

what are some of teh roles of ach

A
  • Memory, Learning, Attention and Motivation
  • Regulates cardiac contractions and blood pressure
  • Volunary movement (neuromusclular junction)
  • Contracting intestinal muscles and increasing stomach and intestine secretions.
63
Q

what limits the breakdown of ach

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

64
Q

true or false in alzeihermers disease there is an increase in ach

A

false decrease !

65
Q

serotonin histamine dopine ep and norep are examples of what type of neurotransmitetr

A

biogenic amines

66
Q

biogenic amines are part of which neurotranbsmitter broad category

A

small molecule neurotrabsmitter

67
Q

Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are all derived from…

A

tyrosine

68
Q

histidine is the precursor of …

A

histamine

69
Q

serotinin is derived from

A

tryptophan

70
Q

true or false biogenic amine bind to metabotropic receptors

A

true

71
Q

dopamine is from which brain area

A

substansia nigra

72
Q

what role does dopamine play

A

movement
reward and motivation

73
Q

lack of dopamine leads to

A

parkinsons

74
Q

excess dopamine leads to

A

hyperactivity, repetitive behaviors, hallucinations (schizophrenia)

75
Q

why is cocaine such an addictivce drugb

A

it inhibits the reuptake of dopamine

76
Q

norepinephine is from which brain area

A

locus coerulus in brainstem

77
Q

norep is involved in

A

nvolved in sleep, attention, feeding
behaviors
+ arousal levels

78
Q

norep has an important role in which system

A

visceral motor

79
Q

true or false norep is present inganglion cells in the sympathetic system

A

t

80
Q

if you ahve a low amount of norep what can it cause

A

adhd and blood pressure issues

81
Q

what is epinephrine also known as

A

adrenaline

82
Q

where is epinephrine from in teh brain

A

cell bodies in teh medulla

83
Q

where does epineprhine go

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

84
Q

what is teh role of epinephrine

A

regulation of respiration and cardiac function
Epinephrine

85
Q

true or false epinephrine is used ot open up airways during anaphalactic shock

A

TRUEEE
epipen!

86
Q

where is histamine found

A

Mainly in hypothalamus projecting to all regions of the brain and spinal cord

87
Q

true or false histamine mediates aattention and arousal

A

true

88
Q

what doe shistamine mediate

A

arousal and attention

89
Q

what system is histamine involved in

A

vestibular system

90
Q

true or false agonists of histamine help with allergies but decrease arousal if tehy g=cross BBB

A

False , ANTAGONISTS DO THAT

91
Q

how do allergy meds work (in relation to histamine)

A

allergy meds: works to reduce the amount of histamine present in an allergic reaction

92
Q

where is serotonin in teh brain

A
  • From Raphe nuclei in Pons and brainstem
93
Q

what is the role of serotonin

A
  • Regulates sleep and wakefulness
  • Implicated in emotions, circadian
    rhythm, state of arousal, feeling of
    satiety
94
Q

what three conditions are linked to dysfunction in serotonin system

A

depression
schizophrenia
eating disorders

95
Q

true or false ectasy and molly cause euphoric hallucinations due to a crazy amount of serotonin

A

true

96
Q

what are SSRIS

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

97
Q

what do ssris do

A

keep serotonin longer in teh brain

98
Q

opiods are an example of

A

neuropeptides

99
Q

true or false endorphins are natural opiods in the body

A

true

100
Q

are opiods involved in the perception of light touch

A

no , pain

101
Q

true or false opiods are only found in one area of the brain

A

false they are widely distributed

102
Q

whar are some roles of opiods

A
  • Inhibatory
  • Analgesic
  • Sexual attraction
103
Q

what kind of receptors do opiods bind to (general)

A

metabotropic

104
Q

can alcohol dull painful experiences

A

yes

105
Q

morphine is a drug that helps with what

A

pain reduction

106
Q
A

Phgy 455 (19 decks)

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