WEEK 2- MS pt 1 Flashcards
what makes up the Cns
brain and spinal cord
what make sup the PNS
(everything else besides brain and spinal cord)
* Somatosensory system
* Autonomic nervous system
* Sympathetic
* Parasympathetic
what are neurons (general)
information processors
Neurons ______ and _____ information through synapses
send
receive
name two important structires of neurons
axons
dendrites
what kind of neurons come togetehr at a synapse ?
presynaptic
post synaptic
true or false : a post synaptic neuron passes info to the presynaptic neuron at the synapse
false … its the reverse…. but technically the post synaptic neuron becomes the pre synaptic when it passe sinfo to teh next neuron
true or false? glial cells are directly involved in synaptic transmission
false = no electrcal signaling properties
name 3 common types of glial cells (from notes)
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
true or false oligodendrocytes are involved in myelin procuction
true
what are glial cells known for?
maintaining ionic milieu
what do glial cells help modulate
rate of signal
neurotransmitter reuptake
metabolism of neurotransmitter
what are two types of synaose
electrical
chemical
are electrical synapse fast?
yes
are lectrical synapse unidirection or bidirectional
trick question… theyre both
where does an AP flow from 1 neuron to the next in elevctrical synapse
gap junction
true or false in an electrical synapse neurons are touching
true
true or false chemical synapse are slower than electrical synapse
true
are chemical synapse unidirectional or bidirectional
uni
Action Potential in presynaptic neuron leads to opening of…..
for chemical synapse
voltage gated Ca2+
in a chemical synapse … synaptic vescicles are dependednt on what ion
ca2+
what is release din synaptic cleft in a chemical synapse
neurotransmitters
talk to me about the 6 steps of chemical synapse
- Action potential (change in ionic charge of neuron)
- Opening of voltage-gated Ca+ channels
- Neurotransmitters released into synaptic clef (presynaptic)
- Binding of Neurotransmitters to receptors (postsynaptic)
- Ions flowing into post-synaptic neuron
- Removal of neurotransmitters (degradation or re-uptake)
name two types of post synaptic neurotransmitter receptors
ionotropic
metabotropic
true or false, you can have both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors on a membrane
true
what binnds to post synaptic neurotransmitter receptors (general)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
which is faster ionotropic receptor or metabo recept
iono
when a neurotrabnsmitter binds to a post synaptic receptor what flows into the post synaptic cell
ions
what is an ex of ionotropic rectot
ligand gated ion channel
what is an ex of metabotropic rectot
g protein coupled receptor
walk through 5 steps of g protein coupled recepto
- neurotransmoitter binds to protein eceptor
- g protein is activated
- g protein subunits or intracellular messengers modulate ion channels
- ion challeds open
- ions flow in
over ______ neurotrabsmitters exist
100
what are the two categories of neurotransmitters
small molecule
neuropeptides or peptides
what are some examples of small molecule neurotarnsmitters
glutamate
gaba
ach
serotonin
histamine
dopamine
norep
ep
whats an example od peptide neurotransmitter (3-36 amino acids)
opiods
What is the main excititory neurotransmitter in the brain
glutamate
true or false glutamate contyributes to 1/2 of teh synapses in the brain
true
what is glutamates precursor
glutamine
glutamate is degraded by reuptake through what?
glial cells
true or false : glutamate only binds to metabotropic receptors
false ionotropic also = both
what are some of teh receptors that glutamate binds to (specific ones)
nmda
ampa
kainate
what are some of the roles of glutamate
- Involved in cellular mechanisms of learning and memory
- Involved in pain transduction
- Excitotoxicity (secondary cell death)
- General anesthesia decreases glutamate activity (amongst other effects)
what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
true or false 1/2 of the synapses in teh brain are due to gaba
false … thats glutamate
the answer is 1/3
what is gaba precursor
glucose
like glutamate, gaba is degraded by reuptake through glial cells , true or false
true
true or false gaba binds to both metabotropic and ionotropic receptors
true
true or false GABA a is metabotropic receptor
false irs Gaba b
what kind of receptor ir GABA a
ionotropic
what kind of rceeptor is gaba b
metabotropic
true or false gaba b is a metabotropic receptor
true
trick : ** metaBotropic (gaba B)
what are the main roles of gaba
Very common in local circuits interneurons or highly inhibitory system such as cerebellum
what are agonists?
somethign taht mimics somehtign else
what are examples of GABA agonists
- Benzodiazepines
- Barbiturates
name a function of benzos
help with anxiety and sleep
name a function of barbituates
sedation
is ACh excitatory or inhibitory
excititory
where is Ach synthesized
in nerve terminals
what are ACh precursors
acetyl coenzyme a and choline
true or false : ach is degraded by glial cells
false : by acetylcholinerase
what does ach bind to
nicotinic receptors
muscarinic receptors
what are some of teh roles of ach
- Memory, Learning, Attention and Motivation
- Regulates cardiac contractions and blood pressure
- Volunary movement (neuromusclular junction)
- Contracting intestinal muscles and increasing stomach and intestine secretions.
what limits the breakdown of ach
Cholinesterase inhibitors
true or false in alzeihermers disease there is an increase in ach
false decrease !
serotonin histamine dopine ep and norep are examples of what type of neurotransmitetr
biogenic amines
biogenic amines are part of which neurotranbsmitter broad category
small molecule neurotrabsmitter
Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are all derived from…
tyrosine
histidine is the precursor of …
histamine
serotinin is derived from
tryptophan
true or false biogenic amine bind to metabotropic receptors
true
dopamine is from which brain area
substansia nigra
what role does dopamine play
movement
reward and motivation
lack of dopamine leads to
parkinsons
excess dopamine leads to
hyperactivity, repetitive behaviors, hallucinations (schizophrenia)
why is cocaine such an addictivce drugb
it inhibits the reuptake of dopamine
norepinephine is from which brain area
locus coerulus in brainstem
norep is involved in
nvolved in sleep, attention, feeding
behaviors
+ arousal levels
norep has an important role in which system
visceral motor
true or false norep is present inganglion cells in the sympathetic system
t
if you ahve a low amount of norep what can it cause
adhd and blood pressure issues
what is epinephrine also known as
adrenaline
where is epinephrine from in teh brain
cell bodies in teh medulla
where does epineprhine go
thalamus and hypothalamus
what is teh role of epinephrine
regulation of respiration and cardiac function
Epinephrine
true or false epinephrine is used ot open up airways during anaphalactic shock
TRUEEE
epipen!
where is histamine found
Mainly in hypothalamus projecting to all regions of the brain and spinal cord
true or false histamine mediates aattention and arousal
true
what doe shistamine mediate
arousal and attention
what system is histamine involved in
vestibular system
true or false agonists of histamine help with allergies but decrease arousal if tehy g=cross BBB
False , ANTAGONISTS DO THAT
how do allergy meds work (in relation to histamine)
allergy meds: works to reduce the amount of histamine present in an allergic reaction
where is serotonin in teh brain
- From Raphe nuclei in Pons and brainstem
what is the role of serotonin
- Regulates sleep and wakefulness
- Implicated in emotions, circadian
rhythm, state of arousal, feeling of
satiety
what three conditions are linked to dysfunction in serotonin system
depression
schizophrenia
eating disorders
true or false ectasy and molly cause euphoric hallucinations due to a crazy amount of serotonin
true
what are SSRIS
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
what do ssris do
keep serotonin longer in teh brain
opiods are an example of
neuropeptides
true or false endorphins are natural opiods in the body
true
are opiods involved in the perception of light touch
no , pain
true or false opiods are only found in one area of the brain
false they are widely distributed
whar are some roles of opiods
- Inhibatory
- Analgesic
- Sexual attraction
what kind of receptors do opiods bind to (general)
metabotropic
can alcohol dull painful experiences
yes
morphine is a drug that helps with what
pain reduction
