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Phgy 455 > WEEK 5- CP pt 2 > Flashcards

WEEK 5- CP pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how long doe sthe embryonic period last

A

day 1 to gestational week 8

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2
Q

in the embryonic period what is cell division called

A

cleavage

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3
Q

true or false in the embryonic period the zygote goes trhoygh many cell dividions

A

true

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4
Q

what is a zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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5
Q

when the zygote undergoes cell divisions that it is made up of 16 cells what is it called

A

MORULA

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6
Q

after many cell divisions when the xygot becomes a ball of cells what is it called

A

blastocyst

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7
Q

what day does the morula become the blastocyst

A

day 5

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8
Q

on day 6 the blastocyst has two mass cells what are tehy

A

inner mass cell embryoblast
outer mass cell trophoblast

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9
Q

on day 7 what two layers does the trophoblast split into

A

synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

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10
Q

what is teh function of synctiotrophoblast

A

to help the blastocyst errode the epithelium of the uterus= to make it easier to enter

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11
Q

on day 8 embryoblast turns into the epiblast and hypoblast, together whta is this called

A

bilaminar germ disc

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12
Q

on day 9 the blastocyst enters where

A

endometrium

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13
Q

when the blastocyst enter the endometrium it has two cavities, what are they?

A

yolk sac
amniotic cavity

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14
Q

the yolk sac faces what

A

the hypoblast

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15
Q

the amniotic cavity faces what

A

the epiblast

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16
Q

By the second gestational week what do we have

A

Bilaminar germinal disc
amniotic cavity
yolk sac

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17
Q

what two layers make up the bilaminar germinal disc

A

epiblast
hypoblast

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18
Q

what is the epiblast

A

layer of columnar cells adjacent to the amniotic cavity

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19
Q

what is the hypoblast

A

layer of cuboidal cells facing the yolk sac

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20
Q

in addiitnal to the bilaminar germinal disc what else do we have at the second week

A

amniotic cavity and yolk sac

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21
Q

what is the amniotic cavity

A

protection of embryo/fetus

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22
Q

what is the yolk sac

A

Early site of blood cell formation

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23
Q

true or false at the end of week 3, the he Blastocyst penetrates the superficial (Compact) layer of the endometrium of the uterus= complete implantation

A

false weel 2

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24
Q

week 3 is called what

A

gastrulation

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25
Q

what soecifically happens to the bilaminar germ disc as of week 3

A

it becomes the trilaminar germ disc

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26
Q

In the 3rd week (gastrulation) what cells undergo differentiation

A

inner mass cells (epiblast and hypoblast)

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27
Q

in gastrulation period, what happens to epiblast cells

A

they migrate into the midline

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28
Q

in gastrulation period, what do epiblast cells form onece theyve reached midline

A

PRIMITIVE STREAK

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29
Q

what is a primitive streak

A

streak that elongates caudal to cranial

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30
Q

in the gastrulation period what do some epiblast cells do after migrating to form the primitive streak

A

they enter the hypoblast

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31
Q

what happens when the epiblast cells enter the hypoblast?

A

they transform hypoblast into endoderm

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32
Q

what happens to the remaining epiblast cells that do not merge with hypoblast

A

they differentiate to become ECTODERM

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33
Q

the epiblast cells that are between hypoblast and epiblast form what layer

A

the mesoderm

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34
Q

true or false in gastrulation the notochord is made up of firstly the endoderm (inner layer)

A

flase its starts off as mesodermal tirssue

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35
Q

true or false, once the epiblast merges with hypoblast and becomes endoderm there is no more hypoblast layer

A

true

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36
Q

which two layers does the mesorderm remain

A

between the ofrmer layers of bilaminar disc

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37
Q

ectoderm is derived from

A

epiblast cells

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38
Q

in gastrulation what happens to each layer (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

A

they differentiate into different types of cells

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39
Q

the endoderm gives rise to whch cells

A

lung
thyroid
digestovce

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40
Q

true or false the endoderm is the oute rlayer

A

flase= innder

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41
Q

the mseoderm gives rise to which specific cells

A

cardia
skeletal
kidney
rbc
smooth muscle

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42
Q

the ectoderm gives rise to which specific cells

A

skin cells of epidemris
neurons of brain
pigment cells

43
Q

true or false the mesoderm is the middle layer

A

true

44
Q

true or false the ectoderm is the layer that forms our cns

A

true

45
Q

the ectoderm is the ______ layer

A

outer

46
Q

the notochord originates fromw hat structure

A

mesoderm

47
Q

true or false the notocord is temporary stcuture

A

true

48
Q

what are the functions of notochord

A
  • Axis for symmetry
  • Sends inductive signals that causes cells in the ectoderm to become neuroectodermal precursor cells >- neural plate
49
Q

The lateral edges of the _______ become more elevated and will form the neural crest

A

ectoderm

50
Q

which layer forms the neural crest

A

ectoderm

51
Q

the depressed. mid region is called

A

neurla groove

52
Q

the neural groove is a

A

depressed mid region beteern the neural crests

53
Q

once we have the neural crest and neural grrove what is this layer caleld

A

neural plate

54
Q

norectodermal cells give rise to

A

neural plate

55
Q

the neural tube is derived from what

A

the neural plate

56
Q

the neural tube becomes what

A

the brain and spinal cord

57
Q

neural crest cells give rise to

A

sensory and autonomic ganglia

58
Q

Neuralstemcellsthat produce ….

A

precursor cells

59
Q

thw two sides of neural crests meet eachother to form

A

neural tube

60
Q

what are somite

A

comes from mesoderm
important function that gives rise to vertebra

61
Q

what does vertebra arise form

A

somite (mesoderm)

62
Q

what is neurulation

A

formation of neural tube

63
Q

when the neural tube closes the embryo forms ehat

A

the 3 primary vessicles

64
Q

what are the 3 primary vessicles

A

procencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

65
Q

procencephalon gives rise to which brain

A

forebrain

66
Q

the mesencephaloln gives rise to which brain

A

midbrain

67
Q

the rhobencephalon gives rise to which brain

A

hindbrain

68
Q

true or false the mesensephalon subdivides

A

false

69
Q

the prosencephalon divides into

A

telencephalon
diencephalon

70
Q

the rhombemncephalon divides into

A

metencephalon
myencephalon

71
Q

telencephalon forms

A

cerbreal hemisphere

72
Q

diencephalon forms

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

73
Q

mesencephalon forms

A

midbrain

74
Q

metencephalon forms

A

pons and cerebellum

75
Q

myencephallon forms

A

medulla

76
Q
A
77
Q

is caudal closer to the head or feet

A

feet

78
Q

cranial points in the direction of…

A

the head

79
Q

true or false the synctioblast is on the outermost layer

A

true

80
Q

fetal period is from what week to …

A

9 - delivery

81
Q

what important stuff happen in the 9th week

A

neuron production migration and differentiation
formation of gyri and sulci !!!

82
Q

true or false the brain wrinkles caudal to rostral

A

false

83
Q

true or false the brain wrinkles rostral to caudal

A

true

84
Q

true or false the brain stays teh same size throughout the entire fetal period

A

false, increases in size

85
Q

what weel is formation of gyri and su;lci completed

A

week 37

86
Q

around what day are the vessicles differentitaed

A

day 49

87
Q

what happens from the end of gastrulation to day 42

A

Increase number of neural progenitor cells (mitotic) (symmetrical).

88
Q

what happens after day 42

A

process becomes asymmetrical, meaning that the progenitor cells divide into one neural progenitor and one neuron.

89
Q

true or false Most neurons are produced in the ventricular zone and migrate outwards.

A

true

90
Q

gastrulation is between what days

A

14-21

91
Q

neurulation is when (in weeks)

A

between week 3 and 4

92
Q

what are the two types of neural tube migration

A

radial migration
tangental migration

93
Q

in which direction doe sthe neural tube move in radial migration

A

out

94
Q

in which direction doe sthe neural tube move in tangential migration

A

up

95
Q

what are the two METHODS of migration

A

Somal translocation:

glial mediated migartionn

96
Q

what is somal tarsnlocation and which kinds of migration do we see

A

the cell bodies move up and out to reach to target nad destination

97
Q

what glial mediated migration and which kinds of migration do we see

A

cell moves along a radial glial network

moved OUT = deepest layer to surface

98
Q

what two layers dissapear at the end of the fetal period

A

Themarginalzoneand subplate

99
Q

in the mature barin how many cortical layers do we have

A

6

100
Q

neurons develop what

A

axons and dendrites

101
Q

in the cns axons are myelanted with what glial cell

A

oligodendrocytes

102
Q

true or false post natally we still have alot of neurogeneis

A

false, a bit but not alot

103
Q

when does neuron production occur

A

afyer day 40

104
Q

NAME THE PHASES WEVE LEARNT AND THEIR TIMELINE

A

day 0 fertilization

day - 5morula becomes blastocyst

day 9 blastocyst implants itself in uterine wall

in second week (days 8-14) : we have the epiblast, hypoblast, –> we have bilaminar disc aniotic cavity and yolk sac

in 3rd week (14-21) is where gastrulation occurs (where epiblast and hypoblast differentiate in layers and becomes trilaminar disk)

from end pf gastrulation to day 42 = neurons develp in symmetrical way

neurulation ahppens from week 3-4 (day 21- 28) –> where neural tube is formed induced by notochord

after day 42 (week 6) neurons start to divide in more assymetric manner

embryonic period ends at week 8

week 9- fetal period
sulci and gyri start forming and finish at week 37

Phgy 455 (19 decks)

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