week 6 part 1

Question 1

vessel spasm

Answer 1

-immediate response to vessel injury

Question 2

formation of the platelet plug

Answer 2

1. released from the damaged endothelium
2. bind to receptors on platelets
3. platelets become activated
4. adhere to exposed collage fiber and to each other
5. platelets release chemicals
6. more platelets attracted to the region

Question 3

development of blood clots

Answer 3

The damaged tissue & activated platelets release factors that initiate a cascade of reactions that involves many clotting factors

Question 4

clot dissolution

Answer 4

-Plasminogen is always circulating in the blood
(a protein produced in the liver)
* Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) is an
enzyme released by endothelial cells exposed
to thrombin

Question 5

hypercoagulability risk

Answer 5

1. Conditions that predispose to vessel damage  platelet adherence 
   thrombosis
2. Conditions/factors that accelerate activity of the clotting mechanism. Often
   because of stasis of blood flow.

Question 6

hemophilia

Answer 6

• Genetic deficit or abnormality of a clotting factor in the clotting mechanism cascade
• Signs/Symptoms: prolonged/severe hemorrhage, impaired wound healing

Question 7

Von Willebrand Disease

Answer 7

• Hereditary blood clotting/bleeding disorder
• Due to deficiency in the von Willebrand Factor (important for
  platelet adherence and aggregation during the clotting process)
• Signs/Symptoms: easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding of gums,
  skin rashes, abnormal menstrual bleeding

Question 8

Anemia

Answer 8

Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood OR in the quality
or quantity of hemoglobin

Question 9

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 9

• Iron is required to bind O2 to Hemoglobin
• Low Iron  low Hemoglobin content in RBCs
• Microcytic, Hypochromic RBCs

Question 10

pernicious anemia

Answer 10

Deficiency in B12
* Usually due to malabsorption
* B12 needs Intrinsic factor from the stomach in order to be absorbed in the lower ileum
* Result: Impaired maturation of RBCs, lower total count
* Megaloblastic: very large, immature, nucleated RBCs

Question 11

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 11

• Impairment or failure of bone marrow  Pancytopenia (decreased
  blood cell numbers)

Question 12

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 12

Genetic Trait (recessive, common in people of African and
Middle Eastern Descent)
 Abnormal Hb (1 aa change)
* When altered Hb is not bound to O2, it crystalizes and changes
shape
* These RBC have a much shorter lifespan (20 days)
* Result: sickled cells get stuck in smaller blood vessels  Form
occlusions, thrombus
* The higher rate of hemolysis can lead to hyperbilirubinemia,
jaundice

Question 13

function of lyphatic system

Answer 13

Function:
- Fluid balance: returns excess
interstitial fluid and proteins
back to blood
- Filtration of unwanted material
- Immune Response

Question 14

conditions of the lymphatic system

Answer 14

• Lymphedema – interstitial fluid accumulation due to impaired lymphatic circulations
• Obstruction of or non existent lymphatic vessel
• Poor venous circulation
  Cancers of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphomas: Abnormal lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes  cancer