stuff i dont know Flashcards
characteristics of disease
-onset can be sudden/acute/insidious
-can be acute or chronic
-disease can be classified by remission and exacerbating
disease prognosis
the probability for recovery or other outcomes
indication
the approved uses for which the drug has been proven to be effective
water and electrolytes levels are regulated by
-thirst(measure blood osmolarity)
-hormones act on kidneys
-The Kidneys regulate fluid and electrolyte level by varying the amounts
excreted and reabsorbed
what does hydrostatic drive
filtration mainly at capillaries
Osmotic Pressure drives
osmosis across all cells
Movement of Water Between Compartments
-via filtration and osmosis
-movement also depends on the permeability of the compartment barrier to water
Movement of Electrolytes Between Compartments
-movement also depends on the permeability of the compartment barrier to electrolytes
-diffusion vs active transport
-electrolytes movement is essential for cell function
-goal of homeostasis
pain can be described in 2 ways
- sensory
- affective and cognitive
3 types of pain
- nociceptive
- inflammatory
3.pathological
Moseley
- pain level is not proportionate to tissue injury
- pain is modulated by main factors
- The relationship between pain and the state of the tissues becomes less
predictable as pain persists
open gate
- painful stimulus
- substance P released at synapse
- pain stimulus to brain
4.RAS alert
5.pain perceived
closed gate
- painful stimulus
- interneuron activated by efferent or afferent
- interneuron release
4.oplate receptors blocked - substance P not released
- gated closed transmission blocked afferent tract
4 Ps
prevention
psychological
physical
pharmaceutical
acute inflammatory response
acute inflammation
-fast onset
-anti inflammatory response
-mainly neutrophils
-variable, limites
-vasular ans exduate
-intense
chronic inflammation
-slow onset
-no anti inflammatory component
-macrophage, lymphocytes
-persistent ans progressive
-new connective tissue formation
-less intense
Chronic Inflammation can result from
- Acute Inflammation that is unable to resolve
- Low level exposure to an irritant or foreign material
- Autoimmune disorders
- Defect in cells responsible for mediating inflammation (e.g. auto-inflammatory
disorders) - Inflammatory & biochemical inducers causing oxidative stress & mitochondrial
dysfunction - Free radicals, advanced glycation end products, oxidized lipoproteins, homocysteine, etc.
steps of adaptive response
1.Dendritic cell phagocytizes a pathogen for the first time
2.Breaks up the pathogen into small peptides
3.Travels to the lymph node and ‘presents’ an antigen
4.T cells differentiate in specific mature T cell (e.g. helper or cytotoxic) &
reproduce
5. Antigen-specific B cells develop & reproduce target specific pathogen & also turn into plasma cells once
exposed to the Antigen Plasma cells secrete antibodies specific to the antigen
6.Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) attach to the specific pathogen and mark it for
destruction
coagulation mechanism
- vessel damages
- prothrombin activator
- prothrombin activates thrombin
4.fibrinogen goes to fribin - fibrin mesh forms a thrombus (clot)
- platelets within the clot contract to pull fibrin together to shrink the clot
fibrinolysis
-plasminogen to tPA to plasmin to cleaves fibrin
