stuff i dont know

Question 1

characteristics of disease

Answer 1

-onset can be sudden/acute/insidious
-can be acute or chronic
-disease can be classified by remission and exacerbating

Question 2

disease prognosis

Answer 2

the probability for recovery or other outcomes

Question 3

indication

Answer 3

the approved uses for which the drug has been proven to be effective

Question 4

water and electrolytes levels are regulated by

Answer 4

-thirst(measure blood osmolarity)
-hormones act on kidneys
-The Kidneys regulate fluid and electrolyte level by varying the amounts
excreted and reabsorbed

Question 5

what does hydrostatic drive

Answer 5

filtration mainly at capillaries

Question 6

Osmotic Pressure drives

Answer 6

osmosis across all cells

Question 7

Movement of Water Between Compartments

Answer 7

-via filtration and osmosis
-movement also depends on the permeability of the compartment barrier to water

Question 8

Movement of Electrolytes Between Compartments

Answer 8

-movement also depends on the permeability of the compartment barrier to electrolytes
-diffusion vs active transport
-electrolytes movement is essential for cell function
-goal of homeostasis

Question 9

pain can be described in 2 ways

Answer 9

1. sensory
2. affective and cognitive

Question 10

3 types of pain

Answer 10

1. nociceptive
2. inflammatory
   3.pathological

Question 11

Moseley

Answer 11

1. pain level is not proportionate to tissue injury
2. pain is modulated by main factors
3. The relationship between pain and the state of the tissues becomes less
   predictable as pain persists

Question 12

open gate

Answer 12

1. painful stimulus
2. substance P released at synapse
3. pain stimulus to brain
   4.RAS alert
   5.pain perceived

Question 13

closed gate

Answer 13

1. painful stimulus
2. interneuron activated by efferent or afferent
3. interneuron release
   4.oplate receptors blocked
4. substance P not released
5. gated closed transmission blocked afferent tract

Question 14

4 Ps

Answer 14

prevention
psychological
physical
pharmaceutical

Question 15

acute inflammatory response

Question 16

acute inflammation

Answer 16

-fast onset
-anti inflammatory response
-mainly neutrophils
-variable, limites
-vasular ans exduate
-intense

Question 17

chronic inflammation

Answer 17

-slow onset
-no anti inflammatory component
-macrophage, lymphocytes
-persistent ans progressive
-new connective tissue formation
-less intense

Question 18

Chronic Inflammation can result from

Answer 18

• Acute Inflammation that is unable to resolve
• Low level exposure to an irritant or foreign material
• Autoimmune disorders
• Defect in cells responsible for mediating inflammation (e.g. auto-inflammatory
  disorders)
• Inflammatory & biochemical inducers causing oxidative stress & mitochondrial
  dysfunction
• Free radicals, advanced glycation end products, oxidized lipoproteins, homocysteine, etc.

Question 19

steps of adaptive response

Answer 19

1.Dendritic cell phagocytizes a pathogen for the first time
2.Breaks up the pathogen into small peptides
3.Travels to the lymph node and ‘presents’ an antigen
4.T cells differentiate in specific mature T cell (e.g. helper or cytotoxic) &
reproduce
5. Antigen-specific B cells develop & reproduce  target specific pathogen & also turn into plasma cells once
exposed to the Antigen Plasma cells secrete antibodies specific to the antigen
6.Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) attach to the specific pathogen and mark it for
destruction

Question 20

coagulation mechanism

Answer 20

1. vessel damages
2. prothrombin activator
3. prothrombin activates thrombin
   4.fibrinogen goes to fribin
4. fibrin mesh forms a thrombus (clot)
5. platelets within the clot contract to pull fibrin together to shrink the clot

Question 21

fibrinolysis

Answer 21

-plasminogen to tPA to plasmin to cleaves fibrin