week 5 part 1

Question 1

compact bone

Answer 1

-dense, outer region
-allows bone to resist bending and torsion

Question 2

spongy bone

Answer 2

-deep to compact bone
- allows bone to resist force in many direction

Question 3

yellow marrow

Answer 3

found in long bones of adults
-adipose tissue

Question 4

red marrow

Answer 4

site of hematopoiesis
- cranium, verbral body, ribs , sternum

Question 5

classification on fracture

Answer 5

complete or incomplete
open or closed
number of fracture lines
the direction of fracture lines

Question 6

simple fracture

Answer 6

Single break, the bone ends maintain alignment and position

Question 7

comminuted fracture

Answer 7

multiple fracture lines and bones fragments

Question 8

compression fracture

Answer 8

bone is crushed into smaller pieces and collapse

Question 9

impacted fracture

Answer 9

one end force into the other at the location of the break

Question 10

stress fracture

Answer 10

repeated excessive stress

Question 11

pathologic

Answer 11

weakness in bones structure due to other condition

Question 12

healing phase

Answer 12

1. inflammatory phase (edema)
2. reparative phase (granulation tissue)
   3 remodeling

Question 13

hematoma formation

Answer 13

1. bone
2. bleeding from the blood vessels on bone
3. clot forms in the medullary cavity, under the periosteum and between bone fragments
4. hematoma

Question 14

inflammatory response & granulation tissue

Answer 14

1. bone necrosis because of halted nutrients delivery
2. inflammatory response due to cell damage and presence of debris at the site
3. growth of granulation tissue within the fibrin network
4. new capillaries form phagocytes remove debris & fibroblasts migrate

Question 15

Procallus (Fibrocartilage) formation

Answer 15

Fibroblasts & Chondroblasts lay down new
collagen to produce cartilage matrix

Question 16

bony callus

Answer 16

1. osteoblasts generate new bone to fill in gap
2. procallus is replaced by bone
   3.During the following months, repaired bone is remodeled by osteoblast and osteoclast activity in response to mechanical stresses on the bone. Excessive callus removed and more compact bone laid down

Question 17

fracture complication

Answer 17

-Broken ends of bone can damage surrounding structures
-Compartment Syndrome
- Fractures of long bones

Question 18

long term complication

Answer 18

Healing Abnormalities
* Malunion
* Delayed Union
* Nonunion
Mobility Complications
* Joint stiffness
* Instability
* Contractures (muscular)  Limited ROM
Side-effects of long term immobilization
* Pressure injury
* Deep Vein Thrombosis (blood clots)

Question 19

Osteoporosis

Answer 19

Critically low bone mass and density with loss of bony
matrix & mineralization
* Cortical bone becomes porous and thin
* Trabecular bone loss and thinning

Question 20

Osteoporosis – Etiology

Answer 20

Two forms:
* Primary: post-menopausal, age-related
* Secondary: due to another disorder or issue
* Diseases associated with bone loss
* Prolonged use of certain drugs e.g. glucocorticoids
* Immobility

Question 21

osteoporosis sign/symptoms

Answer 21

• back pain from compression fractures of vertebrae
• abnormal curvatures od the spine with loss of height

Question 22

treatment of osteoporosis

Answer 22

• dietary supplements
  -pharmaceuticals