week 3 part 1

Question 1

Somatic pain

Answer 1

within the skin or deeper(bones or muscle) - somatosensory nerves detect the pain stimulus

Question 2

Visceral pain:

Answer 2

within or around the organs- sympathetic nervous system fibers detect the pain stimulus

Question 3

Nociceptive

Answer 3

cut and dry pain - sensory neuron to SC to brain(awareness and interpretation)(protective)

Question 4

Inflammatory

Answer 4

due to infection tissue injury to immune system to proinflammatory indicators (protective)

Question 5

Pathological

Answer 5

Not due to damaging stimulus
Often outcome of peripheral nerve damage
*Nerves fire spontaneously pain sensation in the absence of a stimulus
*CNS relays pain messages to other parts of the brain
*E.g. after Spinal Cord Injury Neuropathic pain independent of inputs

Question 6

Pain threshold

Answer 6

the level of stimulation needed to activate the pain pathway and achieve a perceivable signal to the brain

Question 7

Pain tolerance

Answer 7

the ability to withstand pain/ perception of its intensity and time –genetics – fatigue, stress, chronic depression —endophron release

Question 8

Pain perception & response

Answer 8

*Affected by age, culture, family traditions, prior experience, fear or anxiety about it, personality, stress, fatigue

Question 9

Pain pathways

Answer 9

Pain receptors - Nociceptors (free nerve endings)
*sense extreme thermal, chemical, mechanical
Stimuli

Question 10

. A delta fibers

Answer 10

(large, myelinated)
- low threshold pain (mechanical and
thermal) receptors

Question 11

C fibers

Answer 11

(small, unmyelinated) (more common, carry info more slowly, harder to localize and allows for a less sharp pain)
- high threshold thermo-, mechano-, and
chemo- receptors (throbbing or burning
pain)

Question 12

Referred pain

Answer 12

Perceived at a site distant from the source
Usually due to visceral pain
Its to do what sensory neuron are coming into the spinal cord at the time
The skin has more sensory receptors so pain is more sharp and located on the skin
Treatment is to reduce tolerance to any pain

Question 13

Safe movement and exercise

Answer 13

Evidence that exercise helps desensitize nervous systems
Exercise is anti inflammatory
Helps to visualize movement first
Find enjoyable exercise

Question 14

3 types of pain

Answer 14

-nociceptive
-inflammatory
-pathological

Question 15

2 components of pain

Answer 15

1. sensory
2. affective and cognitive

Question 16

open gate steps

Answer 16

1. pain stimulus
   2.substance P released synapse
   3.pain stimulus to brain
   4.RAS alert
   5.Pain perceived

Question 17

Closed gate

Answer 17

1. pain stimulus
2. interneurons activated by efferent of afferent
   3.interneurons releases
3. opiate receptors blocked by enkephalin
   5.substance P not release
4. cate closed transmission blocked on afferent tract

Question 18

acute pain

Answer 18

-fast and localized
-due to injury
-pathways is A delta myelinated fibers
- short term
-stress response increased pulse and blood pressure
-anxiety occurs
- treatment os identified treatment is effective

Question 19

chronic pain

Answer 19

-slow diffuse
-existing and chemical
- slow and unmyelinated C fibers
- long term
- loss of hope (depression and anger)
-difficult to treat

Question 20

4 ps

Answer 20

prevention
psychological
physical
pharmaceutical