week 13 part 1

Question 1

neoplasm (tumor)

Answer 1

• cellular growth that no longer responds to normal genetic control
  -deprives other cells of nutrients and metabolism

Question 2

characteristics of each tumor depend on

Answer 2

type of cells which tumor arose
unique structure and growth pattern

Question 3

benign

Answer 3

• typically differentiated cells
  -reproduce at higher rate than normal
• expands within a capsule no spread

Question 4

malignant

Answer 4

• more often cells are dysplastic/ poorly differentiated, nonfunctional, disorganized
  -rapid reproduction
  -can infiltrate other tissues and blood vessels break away, and spread to distant regions

Question 5

hyperplasia

Answer 5

cells are dividing at a rate faster than normal

Question 6

atypia

Answer 6

cell are slightly abnormal

Question 7

metaplasia

Answer 7

change in cell type in a particular area

Question 8

dysplasia

Answer 8

cells are abnormal, they are growing faster than normal and not arranged like normal cells

Question 9

carcinoma in situ

Answer 9

cells very abnormal but have not grown into nearby tissue

Question 10

Cancer Classification

Answer 10

1. bases on the location of the first development
   2.based on tissue type

Question 11

Type of tissue

Answer 11

Carcinoma: epithelial origin
* Cancer of the lining of an organ, etc
* 80-90% of cancers
* Sarcoma: supportive and connective tissue
origin
* E.g. bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, fat
* Myeloma: plasma cells
* Leukemia: white blood cells
* Lymphoma: develop within the lymphatic
system
* Mixed types

Question 12

Carcinogenesis

Answer 12

the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

Question 13

cancer risk factors

Answer 13

Multifactorial  lead to changes in gene expression
* Genetics and age
* Environment: e.g. viruses, smoking, UV, other radiation, chemical exposure
* Lifestyle: diet, activity status, stress
* Biological factors: chronic inflammation, hormones

Question 14

multistage module

Answer 14

initation- caused by the first DNA change
promotion- mutations and continued exposure to promoters lead to changes in cell function that promote cancer
progression- change to the regulation of growth leads to malignant tumor growth

Question 15

the hallmark of cancer

Answer 15

-cells lack mitotic control and normal cell communication
-altered cell membranes and surface antigens
-cells do not properly adhere to each other
-secrete growth factors that stimulate the development of new capillaries

Question 16

local effect of malignant tumor

Answer 16

pain (often in later stages)
obstruction(tumor compression
inflammation and necrosis

Question 17

obstruction by tumor

Answer 17

tumor can compress passageways or duct, from the inside or due to growth around a structure

Question 18

the systemic effect of malignant tumor

Answer 18

• weight loss and cachexia
  -fatigue
  -edema
  -bleeding
  -anemia

Question 19

spread of malignant tumor

Answer 19

1. tissue invasion - local spread
2. metastasis- spread to distant sites
3. seeding - spread of tumor cells within body fluid or along membrane within a body cavity

Question 20

detection and diagnosis

Answer 20

-warning signs
- routing screening and self-examination
-blood test
-x ray

Question 21

grading and staging of cancer

Answer 21

-describes the extent of the disease
-provide a basis for treatment and prognosis
- grading described the appearance f the cancer cell

Question 22

TNM staging

Answer 22

-the size of the primary tumor
- involvement of lymph nodes
-spread (metastasis of tumor)

Question 23

cancer prognosis

Answer 23

-a cure is defined as 5 years without recurrence after treatment
-prognosis varies depending on type and staging of cancer

Question 24

POG