week 13 part 1 Flashcards
neoplasm (tumor)
- cellular growth that no longer responds to normal genetic control
-deprives other cells of nutrients and metabolism
characteristics of each tumor depend on
type of cells which tumor arose
unique structure and growth pattern
benign
- typically differentiated cells
-reproduce at higher rate than normal - expands within a capsule no spread
malignant
- more often cells are dysplastic/ poorly differentiated, nonfunctional, disorganized
-rapid reproduction
-can infiltrate other tissues and blood vessels break away, and spread to distant regions
hyperplasia
cells are dividing at a rate faster than normal
atypia
cell are slightly abnormal
metaplasia
change in cell type in a particular area
dysplasia
cells are abnormal, they are growing faster than normal and not arranged like normal cells
carcinoma in situ
cells very abnormal but have not grown into nearby tissue
Cancer Classification
- bases on the location of the first development
2.based on tissue type
Type of tissue
Carcinoma: epithelial origin
* Cancer of the lining of an organ, etc
* 80-90% of cancers
* Sarcoma: supportive and connective tissue
origin
* E.g. bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, fat
* Myeloma: plasma cells
* Leukemia: white blood cells
* Lymphoma: develop within the lymphatic
system
* Mixed types
Carcinogenesis
the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
cancer risk factors
Multifactorial lead to changes in gene expression
* Genetics and age
* Environment: e.g. viruses, smoking, UV, other radiation, chemical exposure
* Lifestyle: diet, activity status, stress
* Biological factors: chronic inflammation, hormones
multistage module
initation- caused by the first DNA change
promotion- mutations and continued exposure to promoters lead to changes in cell function that promote cancer
progression- change to the regulation of growth leads to malignant tumor growth
the hallmark of cancer
-cells lack mitotic control and normal cell communication
-altered cell membranes and surface antigens
-cells do not properly adhere to each other
-secrete growth factors that stimulate the development of new capillaries
local effect of malignant tumor
pain (often in later stages)
obstruction(tumor compression
inflammation and necrosis
obstruction by tumor
tumor can compress passageways or duct, from the inside or due to growth around a structure
the systemic effect of malignant tumor
- weight loss and cachexia
-fatigue
-edema
-bleeding
-anemia
spread of malignant tumor
- tissue invasion - local spread
- metastasis- spread to distant sites
- seeding - spread of tumor cells within body fluid or along membrane within a body cavity
detection and diagnosis
-warning signs
- routing screening and self-examination
-blood test
-x ray
grading and staging of cancer
-describes the extent of the disease
-provide a basis for treatment and prognosis
- grading described the appearance f the cancer cell
TNM staging
-the size of the primary tumor
- involvement of lymph nodes
-spread (metastasis of tumor)
cancer prognosis
-a cure is defined as 5 years without recurrence after treatment
-prognosis varies depending on type and staging of cancer
POG
