review class Flashcards
what is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries
atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries due to build up of plaque in the vessel wall
a complicated atherosclerosis plaque would contain
thrombus
what is the difference between angina pectoris and a myocardial infarction
angina pectoris: pain due to ischemia in the heart depriving the cells of oxygen
- stable (transient) and unstable (prolonged)
myocardial infarction: that is completely cut off blood
- coronary artery is blocked _prolonged ischemia _necrosis
- vasospasm and atherosclerotic plaque
what are the three main factors that trigger thrombus formation in a vessel?
- stasis of blood flow (sluggish blood flow)
- increased blood coagulation ability
- endothelial injury
hypertension directly increase
afterload of the ventricle
How do systemic vasoconstriction increases mean arterial pressure
MAP = CO X TPR
Vasoconstriction affects TPR by increase
if you decrease the radius it will increase resistance causes an increase in MAP
Hypotension (or shock) can occur due to many different causes. given an example of cold shock and warm shock
MAP = CO X R (drop in CO)
cold shock (hypovolemic and cardiogenic) causes a decrease in MAP
warm shock
MAP=CO X R (decrease in R)
- vasodilation
-decrease CO due to decreased R)
warm shock (anaphylactic, septic)
which type of heart inflammation is most likely to affect the heart valves
endocarditis
in a 3 rd degree heart block
there is no coordination between atria and ventricles and they contract independently
what’s the difference between systolic and diastolic dysfunction in heart failure? compare the ejection fraction in your response.
EF= (SV/EDV) x 100
systolic dysfunction: ventricles cant contract hard enough
-SV decrease for given EDV lead to a decreases EF
diastolic dysfunction: not enough blood filling the ventricles during diastolic
-stiffening of the ventricle
-decrease in EDV and SV
- preserved ejection fraction
what sided heart failure leads to pulmonary heart congestive heart failure and explain how
right-sided heart failure
which of the following reflects a lung volume change in obstructive lung disease
increased RV
how does congestive heart failure affect gas exchange in the lungs
- high hydrostatic pressure
- interstitial edema
- fluid alveolus reduced O2 diffusion
transient ischemic attack vs ischemic stroke
TIM: mini-stroke that is a temporary blockage of a cerebral artery that resolve
ischemic: blood flow to an area of the brain is blocked off, the extent of damage depends on the length and degree of blockage
consequence of atherosclerosis
-ischemia
-total occlusion
-atheroma
cholesterol embolism
obstructive
all flow rates diminished
increased RV
decreased VC, IRV, and ERV
restrictive
all flow rates normal
lng volume decreases RV and VC
partial obstruction
air is passed through the area of obstruction but more resistance
-less force to move air out results in air trapping
- RV increases
-hyperinflation
total construction
mucus plugs completely block airflow
-hypoxemia causes local vasoconstriction
Breakdown of alveolar walls
- Decreased SA for gas exchange
- Loss of pulmonary capillaries alongside the alveolar wall
breakdown - Altered ventilation-perfusion ratio
- Loss of elastic fibers decreased elastance / increased
compliance - Decreased radial traction collapse of small airways
Increased mucus production
- Due to chronic inflammation and infection
- Leads to thickening and fibrosis of the bronchial walls
Narrowed airways combined with reduced elastance leads to
Progressive difficulty with expiration
- Air trapping and increased residual volume
- Overinflation of lungs
- Ribs remain in an inspiratory position and increased
anterior-posterior diameter of chest (barrel chest)
Asia A
no sensory or motor function is preserved in the sacral segments S4-SS
Asia B
sensory but no motor function is perceived below the neurological level and includes the sacral segment S4-S5
ASIA C
- motor function is preserved below the neurological levels half of the muscles have a decrease muscle grade
ASIA D
motor function is preserved below the neurological level and at least ha;js of key muscles below neurological levels have a muscle grade greater than or equal to 1
Parkinson’s disease
a disease of synaptic transmission
- due to the decreased function and eventual death of neurons within the brain that produce and release dopamine
