review class

Question 1

what is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries
atherosclerosis: hardening of arteries due to build up of plaque in the vessel wall

Question 2

a complicated atherosclerosis plaque would contain

Answer 2

thrombus

Question 3

what is the difference between angina pectoris and a myocardial infarction

Answer 3

angina pectoris: pain due to ischemia in the heart depriving the cells of oxygen
- stable (transient) and unstable (prolonged)
myocardial infarction: that is completely cut off blood
- coronary artery is blocked _prolonged ischemia _necrosis
- vasospasm and atherosclerotic plaque

Question 4

what are the three main factors that trigger thrombus formation in a vessel?

Answer 4

1. stasis of blood flow (sluggish blood flow)
2. increased blood coagulation ability
3. endothelial injury

Question 5

hypertension directly increase

Answer 5

afterload of the ventricle

Question 6

How do systemic vasoconstriction increases mean arterial pressure

Answer 6

MAP = CO X TPR
Vasoconstriction affects TPR by increase
if you decrease the radius it will increase resistance causes an increase in MAP

Question 7

Hypotension (or shock) can occur due to many different causes. given an example of cold shock and warm shock

Answer 7

MAP = CO X R (drop in CO)
cold shock (hypovolemic and cardiogenic) causes a decrease in MAP

warm shock
MAP=CO X R (decrease in R)
- vasodilation
-decrease CO due to decreased R)
warm shock (anaphylactic, septic)

Question 8

which type of heart inflammation is most likely to affect the heart valves

Answer 8

endocarditis

Question 9

in a 3 rd degree heart block

Answer 9

there is no coordination between atria and ventricles and they contract independently

Question 10

what’s the difference between systolic and diastolic dysfunction in heart failure? compare the ejection fraction in your response.

Answer 10

EF= (SV/EDV) x 100
systolic dysfunction: ventricles cant contract hard enough
-SV decrease for given EDV lead to a decreases EF
diastolic dysfunction: not enough blood filling the ventricles during diastolic
-stiffening of the ventricle
-decrease in EDV and SV
- preserved ejection fraction

Question 11

what sided heart failure leads to pulmonary heart congestive heart failure and explain how

Answer 11

right-sided heart failure

Question 12

which of the following reflects a lung volume change in obstructive lung disease

Answer 12

increased RV

Question 13

how does congestive heart failure affect gas exchange in the lungs

Answer 13

1. high hydrostatic pressure
2. interstitial edema
3. fluid alveolus reduced O2 diffusion

Question 14

transient ischemic attack vs ischemic stroke

Answer 14

TIM: mini-stroke that is a temporary blockage of a cerebral artery that resolve
ischemic: blood flow to an area of the brain is blocked off, the extent of damage depends on the length and degree of blockage

Question 15

consequence of atherosclerosis

Answer 15

-ischemia
-total occlusion
-atheroma
cholesterol embolism

Question 16

obstructive

Answer 16

all flow rates diminished
increased RV
decreased VC, IRV, and ERV

Question 17

restrictive

Answer 17

all flow rates normal
lng volume decreases RV and VC

Question 18

partial obstruction

Answer 18

air is passed through the area of obstruction but more resistance
-less force to move air out results in air trapping
- RV increases
-hyperinflation

Question 19

total construction

Answer 19

mucus plugs completely block airflow
-hypoxemia causes local vasoconstriction

Question 20

Breakdown of alveolar walls

Answer 20

• Decreased SA for gas exchange
• Loss of pulmonary capillaries alongside the alveolar wall
  breakdown
• Altered ventilation-perfusion ratio
• Loss of elastic fibers  decreased elastance / increased
  compliance
• Decreased radial traction  collapse of small airways

Question 21

Increased mucus production

Answer 21

• Due to chronic inflammation and infection
• Leads to thickening and fibrosis of the bronchial walls
   Narrowed airways combined with reduced elastance leads to

Question 22

Progressive difficulty with expiration

Answer 22

• Air trapping and increased residual volume
• Overinflation of lungs
• Ribs remain in an inspiratory position and increased
  anterior-posterior diameter of chest (barrel chest)

Question 23

Asia A

Answer 23

no sensory or motor function is preserved in the sacral segments S4-SS

Question 24

Asia B

Answer 24

sensory but no motor function is perceived below the neurological level and includes the sacral segment S4-S5

Question 25

ASIA C

Answer 25

• motor function is preserved below the neurological levels half of the muscles have a decrease muscle grade

Question 26

ASIA D

Answer 26

motor function is preserved below the neurological level and at least ha;js of key muscles below neurological levels have a muscle grade greater than or equal to 1

Question 27

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 27

a disease of synaptic transmission
- due to the decreased function and eventual death of neurons within the brain that produce and release dopamine