week 12 part 2

Question 1

dementia

Answer 1

a group of progressive neurodegenerative chronic diseases
- impaired cognitive function

Question 2

Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology

Answer 2

• progressive cortical atrophy
  0 critical loss of synapses that is especially pronounced in the hippocampus
• amyloid plaque and tangle formation that builds up in the brain

Question 3

beta-amyloid plaque

Answer 3

• APP in found in the synapses of neurons
  (9 transmembranes)
• enzymes come in a clever protein and now in the wrong place
• now you have a clump together cause dysfunction and apoptosis
• trigger immune response and results in neuron destruction

Question 4

tangle

Answer 4

• tangle manifest from normal functioning gone wrong
  -microbules dissociates
  -tau protein becomes over phosphorylated causing a misfolded
  -now become sticky and twist together
  -spread across synapses into healthy neurons and cause tau misfolding

Question 5

Alzeimers disease pathophysiology

Answer 5

the inflammatory response adds to the destruction f neurons
Glial cells (microglia) are activated by plaques and tangles and release cytokines that attack
neurons. Glial cells also begin to phagocytose synapses of neurons, impacting transmission

Question 6

flow chart

Answer 6

Question 7

risk factors

Answer 7

nonmodifiable
-age and genetics
modifiable
-hypertension, obesity, smoking, depression, diet, hearing loss

Question 8

insulin resistance

Answer 8

-risk of dementia of you have type 2 diabetes
-Insulin resistance due to impaired insulin signaling is a common characteristic of
both Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 9

Cardiovascular health & dementia risk

Answer 9

Shared clinical risk factors
* Hypertension
* High Cholesterol
* Obesity
* Type 2 Diabetes
* Chronic Inflammation

Question 10

vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia

Answer 10

• decline of cognition corresponding to vascular
  ischemic events
  -

Question 11

coup contrecoup injury

Answer 11

brain hits opposite sides of the skull

Question 12

torque injury

Answer 12

• head and neck twists
  -neurons of the reticular formation are most often affected

Question 13

Concussion - Pathophysiology

Answer 13

1. Many neurons injured due to blowing and/or shearing
2. Spontaneous action potential firing (axons begin to leak ions)
3. Excess Neurotransmitter Release
4. Many neurons stimulated
5. Massive increase in metabolic activity
6. Neurons are damaged: remain in a low metabolic state for a period of time