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DS1101 - S1 Y1 > Week 6 - Infection Control in Healthcare settings UPDATED > Flashcards

Week 6 - Infection Control in Healthcare settings UPDATED Flashcards

1
Q

Define infection control

A

processes and precautions taken to control the spread of infection

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2
Q

What is the chain of infection

A

the cycle of which infection is continuously spread
1. infectious agent
2. Reservoir (water, food, soil, humans, animals)
3. Portal of exit
4. made of transmission (droplet, faecal-oral, vector-borne)
5. portal of entry (mouth, nose, skin cuts, eyes)
6. susceptible host (human)

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3
Q

What are the basic principles of effective control of microbial growth

A
  1. Physical Strategies
  2. Immunization
  3. Chemotherapeutic
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4
Q

what does it mean by physical strategies

A

sterilization and disinfection

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5
Q

What does it mean by immunization

A

Use of antigens from a specific microbe to generate a protective immune response

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6
Q

What does it mean by Chemotherapeutic

A

Use of drugs to kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms

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7
Q

What are the standard precautions in healthcare settings

A

Treat all patients as potentially infectious because of prodromal phase, asymptomatic carriers and transmission risk associated with certain procedures.

  • hand hygiene
  • use of PPE
  • safe use and disposal of sharps
  • routine environmental cleaning
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8
Q

What are the main methods used to destroy and inactivate microorganisms in heathcare settings

A
  1. Removal of microorganisms from the environment through - cleaning and disinfection
  2. Removal of organisms from patient care equipment through - cleaning, disinfection and/or sterilization
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9
Q

What sites need to be cleaned

A
  • blood
  • pus
  • mucous
  • grease
  • dirt
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10
Q

What are methods which clean equipment

A
  • automated washer
  • ultrasonic bath
  • manual
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11
Q

Methods of disinfection

A
  • heat - boiling for 5 min
  • liquids e.g. phenolic compounds, bleach, 70% alcohol
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12
Q

What makes bacteria harder to be disinfected

A

if the bacteria has
- spores (tough outer layer)
- gram negative (LPS acts as a protective barrier)
- non-enveloped (disinfectants target the lipid envelope)
- a large amount of bacteria
- contact time
- repeated exposure as it gains resistance

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13
Q

What are types of antiseptics

A
  • alcohol e.g. skin wipes
  • chlorhexidine (common)
  • iodine-containing
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14
Q

What are the different levels of risk for care equipment

A

Critical
Semi-critical
Non-critical

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15
Q

What makes a piece of equipment classified as critical

A

If they penetrate sterile tissue, body cavity or bloodstream

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16
Q

How do you clean critical level equipment

A

Sterilisation

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17
Q

What are examples of critical risk equipment

A

surgical instruments, needles, periodontal scalers, implants

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What is a semi critical level of risk item

A

an item which comes in contact with mucous membranes or non intact skin

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20
Q

How do you clean semi critical level risk items

A

single use
sterilization
high level chemical disinfection

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21
Q

Examples of semi critical level risk items

A

dental mouth mirrors
amalgam condensers
dental handpieces

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22
Q

What are non-critical level of risk items

A

items which only come in contact with intact skin

23
Q

How do you clean non critical level risk items

A

cleaning
decontamination

24
Q

Examples of non critical level risk items

A

x ray heads
bib chain
alginate spatula
protective eyewear

25
Q

How is equipment in JCU cleaned

A

sterilisation
JCU - item is washed in the thermal instrument washer, is wrapped, tracked then sterilised
e.g. surgical instruments, needles, periodontal scalers, implants

26
Q

How does Sterilization work

A

Using an autoclave
Autoclaves steam the tools under pressure and high temperature. The combination of high temperature (usually around 121°C) and pressure (typically 15 psi or higher) effectively kills microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as their spores.

27
Q

What impacts steriliaztion

A
  • high amounts of micro-organisms
  • presence of organic material to buffer the effect of the sterilant
28
Q

What are alternative methods to sterilization

A
  • Filtration (heat sensitive instruments)
  • Hydrogen peroxide (delicate instruments)
  • Incineration (disposable equipment)
  • Gamma irradiation (anesthetics, syringes, implants, single-use medical supplies)
29
Q

How do you store sterile and clean items

A
  • Use date or event related shelf life practices
  • Examine wrapped items carefully prior to use
  • when packaging of sterile items is damaged, re-clean, re-wrap and re-sterilize
  • Store clean items in dry, closed or covered containment
30
Q

Why is infection control important in healthcare settings

A
  • infections can be transmitted in medical settings and procedures
  • to break chain of infection - to prevent the spread of infectious diseases into and out of people - to prevent the pathogenic outcomes of the illness
  • Protect vulnerable patients
  • Maintenance of patient safety
31
Q

How can patients and dental health care professionals be infected within healthcare settings

A
  1. sharp instruments
  2. aerosol (mode of infection transmission)
  3. saliva and plaque
  4. other patients (acute phase, prodromal phase, healthy carriers)
32
Q

What are the modes of trasmission

A
  • Direct
  • Indirect
33
Q

What is the direct mode of transmission

A
  • unprotected contact with infectious lesions or other skin infections e.g. Herpes, gonorrhea
  • droplet (aerosols which turn into droplets in less than 1 m) e.g. coughing and sneezing
  • Exchange of bloody fluids e.g. HIV, hepatitis
34
Q

What are the forms of indirect modes of transmission

A
  • Airborne (droplets which can travel as an aerosol for more than 1m) e.g. dental aerosols
  • Contaminated objects (formites) - medical instruments, clothing, surfaces
35
Q

How is HIV spread

A

Infected instrument or direct injection of blood

36
Q

How is Hepatitis B spread

A

Sharps injury

37
Q

How is Hepatitis C spread

A

Re-using needles, poor infection control practices

38
Q

Define antiseptic

A
  • Use for people
  • type of chemical disinfectant suitable for use of skin or living tissue, used to kill or remove harmful microorganisms without damaging the tissue
39
Q

Define disinfectant

A
  • not used on people
  • type of chemical suitable for use on inanimate objects
40
Q

Define disinfection

A

destruction or removal of most microorganisms (usually kills bacteria, may not kill spores and viruses)

41
Q

Define sterilization

A

Complete destruction or removal of all microorganisms including spores and viruses

42
Q

Define sterile

A

free of all living organisms

43
Q

define decontamination

A

removal of possibly harmful microorganisms from an object by cleaning or disinfecting

44
Q

define cleaning

A

mechanical removal (+usually detergent and water) of material from surface of an object

45
Q

Define biocide

A

chemical capable of killing microbe

46
Q

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HBV

A

0.04 uL

47
Q

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HCV

A

0.6 - 0.8 microL

48
Q

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HIV

A

100 microL

49
Q

What is the percentage risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HBV

A

7-30%

50
Q

What is the percentage risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HCV

A

1.8%

51
Q

What is the percentage risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HIV

A

0.3%

52
Q

What is an acute phase of infection and how recognizable is it

A

short-term illnesses that can be severe but come and go quickly
e.g. influenza, common cold

EASILY RECOGNISED

53
Q

What is an prodromal phase of an infection and how recognizable is it

A

not easily recognized
The stage after incubation and before symptoms occur
Measles, mumps, chickenpox

54
Q

What was the significance of Typhoid Mary

A

First asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella typhi

DS1101 - S1 Y1 (63 decks)

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