Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DS1101 - S1 Y1 > Week 5 - Glycolysis > Flashcards

Week 5 - Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is glycolysis

A

A series of enzyme-catalysed reactions by which glucose is oxidised to 2 molecules of pyruvate (C3) in the cytosol.
*This is an anaerobic process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the overall reaction of glycolysis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does glycolysis link to

A

Links to the citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur

A

Cytosol (region of cytoplasm outside organelles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 main staged of Glycolysis

A
  1. Investment Stage (Step 1-3)
  2. Cleavage Stage (Step 4-5)
  3. Harvesting Stage (Step 6-10)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the investment stage mean

A

Where energy is invested in so that the molecule of glucose becomes unstable and is able to be broken down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the cleavage stage mean

A

Breaking apart the C6 sugar into 2 C3 units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the harvesting stage mean

A

Harvesting energy which will be either ATP or NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

*What is Step 1 in glycolysis

A

The investment of ATP; Phosphorylation of glucose
Catalyse = Hexokinase
Cofactor = Mg+2
The phosphorylation is endergonic (+ve delta G) which is coubled with the hydrolysis of ATP (large -vg delta G) hence an overall exergonic (spontaneous) reaction>.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Step 2 in Glycolysis

A

Isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

*What is Step 3 in glycolysis

A

Investment of ATP: phosphorylation of F-6-P
*This is the RATE LIMITING STEP
Catalyst = Phosphofructokinase
Cofactor = Mg+2
- which is allosterically inhibited by ATP, citrate and activated by AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is step 4 in glycolysis

A

Cleavage of fructose1, 6-bisphosphate to 2 triose phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is step 5 of glycolysis

A

Isomerization of DHAP to G3P, required as G3P is the substrate for the next step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

*What is step 6 of glycolysis

A

Harvest: NADH
From oxidation of the -CHO of GAP
- contains the high energy phosphoester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is step 6 of glycolysis important

A

*This is a crunch step for the whole glycolysis pathway as without the production of NADH every other reaction after cannot occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is step 7 of glycolysis

A

Transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP
*HARVESTING ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is step 8 of glycolysis

A

Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is step 9 of glycolysis

A

Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form PEP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

*What is step 10 of glycolysis

A

Phosphate transfer to ADP
HARVEST ATP
Catalyst = pyruvate kinase
CoFactor= Mg+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What step is the RDS

A

Step 3
phosphorylation of F-3-P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At what steps is ATP invested

A

Step 1 and 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

At what steps is ATP harvested

A

Step 7 and 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During exercise and rest conditions which steps are allosterically controlled

A

Step 1 - hexokinase
Step 3 - phosphofructokinase
Step10 - pyruvate kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the enzyme in step 1

A

hexokinase
with Mg+2 cofactor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the enzyme in step 3

A

phosphofructokinase
with Mg+2 cofactor

26
Q

What is the enzyme in step 10

A

pyruvate kinase
with Mg+2 cofactor

27
Q

How is step 3 phosphofructokinase inhibited

A

By high concentration of ATP activated by AMP
High concentrations of AMP will increase the rate of step 3
Low concentrations of AMP and high conentration of ATP will decrease the rate of step 3

28
Q

How is step 10 allosterically controlled

A

Feedforward activated by FBP
High concentrations of FBP (Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) in step 4 will increase the rate of step 10

High concentration of ATP will inhibit step 10

29
Q

What are the 2 pathways the product pyruvate can go after glycolysis

A
  1. Aerobic conditions, forms Acetyl CoA and goes tot he Citric Acid Cycle
  2. Anaerobic conditions and forms Lactate and NAD+
30
Q

What is the lactic acid fermentation pathway

A

Pathway which occurs during anerobic conditions and is where the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase reduces pyruvate to lactate. NADH is the reducing agent for this process, and as pyruvate is reduced, NADH is oxidized and NAD+ is again available, permitting glycolysis to continue

31
Q

What is the equation of step 11

A
32
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyses step 11 of glycolysis

A

lactate dehydrogenase

33
Q

What is acidogenicity

A

Ability of bacteria to produce acid
comes from cariogenic bacteria e.g. MS

34
Q

What is the reaction of anaerobic glycolysis

A
35
Q

What are fermentable carbohydrates

A

a sugar that allows reaction 11 (lactate fermentation) in anaerobic glycolysis to proceed for bacteria in the oral cavity

All carbohydrates which can serve as a energy supply for cariogenic microorganisms

36
Q

Example of fermentable carbohydrates

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • sucrose
  • lactose
  • starch
37
Q

Example of non fermentable carbohydrates

A
  • xylitol
  • splenda
38
Q

What are homofermentative bacteria

A

Microorganisms that primarily produce a single fermentation product from a substrate, typically lactic acid.
They can produce acids from fermentable carbohydrates via an alternative pathway to glycolysis (phosphoketose pathway)

39
Q

What’s an examples of a homofermentative bacteria

A

Strep mutans

40
Q

What are heterofermentative bacteria

A

Microorganisms that primarily produce a mixture of metabolities

41
Q

What is the phosphoketose pathway (PPK)

A

A major route of glucose catabolism in heterofermentative lactic acid producing bacteria e.g. lactobacillus

An alternative pathway for the production of ATP from glucose done by microorganisms

42
Q

How much ATP is produced from glycolysis

A

overall gain of 6 ATP (invest 2ATP, harvest 8)

43
Q

Draw glucose (in solution and out)

A
44
Q

Draw pyruvate

A
45
Q

Draw a-D-Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

A
46
Q

What type of bacteria is streptococci mutans

A

Facultative anaerobic bacterium
cariogenic microorganism

47
Q

What does streptococci mutans do in the oral cavity

A
  1. Produces acid rapidly from fermentable carbohydrates
  2. Homofermentative bacteria which means that it follows the lactic acid fermentation pathway (reaction 11)
48
Q

What type of bacteria undergoes anaerobic glycolysis pathway to lactic acid

A

Homofermentative cariogenic bacteria e.g. Strep Mutants

49
Q

What type of bacteria undergoes the phosphoketose pathway to lactic acid

A

Heterofermentative bacteria e.g. lactobacilli

50
Q

Is glycolysis anerobic or aerobic

A

Anerobic

51
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria

A
  • matrix
    -inner membrane
  • intermembrane space
52
Q

How much energy does the hydrolysis of ATP produce in kcal/mol

A

7.3 kcal/mol

53
Q

How much energy does the hydrolysis of ATP produce in kJ/mol

A

30.5 kJ/mol

54
Q

What is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP

A
55
Q

What is the reaction for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

A
56
Q

What is the redox equation for the reduction of NAD+

A
57
Q

How is enolase related to dentistry

A

Fluoride has shown to inhibit enolase which leads to a diminished production of ATP and the lactate end product in anerobic glycolysis

58
Q

What is the phosphoketose pathway

A

A major route of glucose catabolism in heterofermentative lactic-acid producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus

59
Q

What is the reaction of the phosphoketose pathway

A
60
Q

What is the name of the key cleavage enzyme in the phosphoketose pathway

A

phosphoketolase

DS1101 - S1 Y1 (63 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions