Upper Limb Flashcards
Subscapularis
Infraspinatus
teres minor
Teres major
Supraspinatus
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
Triceps Brachii
left = long head
right = lateral head
Medial head is beneath
Biceps Brachii
lateral = long head
medial = short head
Pectoralis major
Deltoid
What’s the function of the supraspinatus
- Abduction of the arm for the first 15 degrees
- Stabilizes the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
What’s the function of the infraspinatus
- Lateral rotation of arm
- stabilization of glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
What’s the function of the teres minor
- lateral rotation of arm
- stabilization of glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
What’s the function of the long head of triceps brachii
- extension of the forearm at the elbow joint
- adductor and extensor of the arm at glenohumeral joint
What’s the function of coracobrachialis
- flexes the shoulder
- adducts the arm
What’s the function of the biceps brachii
- flexor of the forearm at elbow joint
- supinator of the forearm
- accessory flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
What’s the function of the brachialis
Fexes the elbow
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Ulnar Artery
What are the deep veins
The deep veins follows an artery - taking the same name
- Axillary vein
- Brachial vein
- Ulnar vein
- Radial vein
Radial Nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Musculocutaneous Nerve
What are the main nerves in the forearm
Axillary nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
What does the axillary nerve innervate
deltoid and teres minor muscle
What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate
biceps, most of the brachialis and coracobrachialis
What does the median nerve innervate
Innervates the pronator teres
majority of the muscles in the anterior forearm, and some in the wrist and hand
Its involved in flexing and pronating the forearm and wrist
What does the radial nerve innervate
3 triceps brachii and some of the hand
What does the ulnar nerve innervate
Provides motor supply to 2 muscles in the flexor compartment (flexor carpi ulnaris) and hypothenar muscles in the hand
What is the floor of the cubital fossa
Brachialis
What is the roof of the cubital fossa
Skin and superficial facia
What are the boarders of the cubital fossa
lateral = Brachioradialis Muscle
medial = Pronator teres muscle
What is the base of the cubital fossa
imaginary line between medial and lateral epicondyles
What are the main contents of the cubital fossa
Bicep brachii tendon
brachial artery
median nerve
median cubital vein (between cephalic vein and basilic vein)
What is the origin of the coracobrachialis
coracoid process
What is the insertion of the coracobrachialis
Humerus
What is the origin of the brachialis
Humerus
What is the insertion of the brachialis
coronoid process (ulna) and ulna tuberosity (ulna)
What is the origin of the long head triceps brachii
Infraglenoid tubercle (scapula)
What is the origin of the lateral and medial heads of the triceps brachii
Humerus
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii
olecranon (ulna)
What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii
supraglenoid tubercle (scapula)
What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii
coracoid process (scapula)
What is the insertion of the biceps brachii
radial tuberosity (radius)
What is the origin of the deltoid
Spine of the scapula
acromion
clavicle
What is the insertion of the deltoid
deltoid tuberosity (humerus)
What is the intertubercular groove
a groove that lies between the crests of the greater and lesser tubercles. This is where the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii travel
What is the intertubercular sulcus
the pit between the greater and lesser tubercles (humorous) where the tendon of pectoralis major, teres major and latissimus dorsi attach
What is the origin of the teres major
inferior angle (scapula)
What is the insertion of the teres major
intertubercular groove (humerus)
What is the origin of supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa (scapula)
What is the insertion of the supraspinatus
greater tubercle (humerus)
What is the origin of the infraspinatus
infraspinous fossa (scapula)
what is the insertion of the infraspinatus
greater tubercle (humerus)
What is the origin of the teres minor
lateral border (scapula)
What is the insertion of the teres minor
greater tubercle (humerus)
What is the origin of the subscapularis
subscapular fossa (scapula)
What is the insertion of the subscapularis
lesser tubercle (humerus)
What is the main function of the deltoid
Abduction of the humerus
What nerve passes around the posterior aspect of the upper part of the humerus (surgical neck)
Axillary nerve
What nerve passes diagonally around the posterior surface of the middle of the humerus in the radial groove
Radial nerve
What nerve pronates the forearm
median nerve
What nerve is ultimately destined for the hand, and passes posteriorly to the medial epicondyle, on the medial side of the distal end of the humerus.
Ulnar nerve
What nerve travels in between the medial and lateral heads of the triceps
Radial
What is the funny bone
Medial epicondyle - ulnar nerve
What are the superficial veins (4)
Axillary Vein
Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
What’s the function of veins
To collect oxygen poor blood and return it to the heart.
What is the Axilla
Anatomical region under the shoulder joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.
It contains important vascular, nervous, lymphatic and muscular structures
What’s in the Axilla
- Axillary artery
- Axillary Vein
- Brachial Plexus
- Axillary lymph nodes
- Head of biceps brachii and coracobrachialis
What is the anterior wall of the axilla
Pectorales major and minor
What is the posterior wall of the axilla
Subscapularis superiorly
and long head of triceps brachii
Teres major and latissimus dorsi inferiorly
What is the medial wall of the axilla
Upper thoracic wall (first 4 ribs and intercostal muscle)
Serratus anterior muscle
What is the lateral wall of the axilla
intertubercular sulcus
What is the inlet of the axilla (roof)
lateral margin of rib 1
Clavicle
Superior margin of scapula to coracoid process
What is the floor of the axilla
Skin of armpit
Open laterally into arm
What is the brachial plexus
Group of nerves that stem from spinal nerves and forms the major nerves that innervate the arm
What’s the naming convention for spinal nerves
C1-C7 exit vertebral canal superior to the vertebrae
C8 emerges inferior to C7 vertebra
All other nerves exist inferior to vertebra that they take their name from
What are dermatomes
Area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve root.
These can be used to test for sensation to determine what nerve roots have been damaged
What are myotomes
A group of muscles that are innervated by a single spinal nerve.
These can be used to test for movement to determine what nerve roots have been damaged
What is Lymph
Colour-less fluid containing white blood cells which carries away waste products, excess fluid and pathogens from the tissues through the lymphatic system, into the blood stream
What is lymphatic system
System of vessels, tissues and organs that work together to transport lymph through the body
Function:
- collect lymph
- filter lymph
- immunity
What nerve pronates the forearm
Median nerve
What muscle pronates the forearm
Pronator Teres(median boarder of the cubital fossa)
cephalic vein
median cubital vein
Basilic vein
Cephalic vein
Axillary vein
Circumduction
adduction
Extension
Flexion
Abduction
Pronation
Supination
What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatics
- collect lymph
- filter lymph
- for immunity (contains white blood cells)
What are the intrinsic shoulder muscles
- rotator cuff muscles
- deltoid
-teres major
What vertebrae supplies the musculocutaneous nerve
C5 - C7
What vertebrae supplies the median nerve
C6 to C8, T1
What vertebrae supplies the radial nerve
C5 to C8, T1
What vertebrae supplies the ulnar nerve
(C7 sometimes) , C8, T1
What vertebrae supplies the nerves of the upper arm
C5 - C8, T1
Where in the forearm does the radial nerve pass/travel
Radial nerve passes in between long and medial heads of triceps brachii
It also passes around the humerous’s radial groove
Passes down the radial groove on the back of the humorous
Where in the forearm does the median nerve travel
enters the forearm between the 2 heads of pronator teres, separated from the ulnar artery by the ulnar head
Where in the forearm does the musculocutaneous nerve travel
Musculocutaneous nerve pierces coracobrachialis (or may run behind it) then it descends laterally between biceps brachii and brachialis to the lateral side of the arm
Where in the forearm does the ulnar nerve travel
descends anterior to the medial head of triceps to the interval between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon
Where does the axillary artery begin
begins at the outer border of the first rib
Where does the axillary artery end and become the brachial artery
ends normally at the inferior border of teres major
What is the impact of a afferent lesion
either diminished or absence of nerves or muscle movement
- sensory loss
- damage/pressure - tingling, itching, pain
What is the impact of efferent lesions
It impulses can’t reach muscles it results in paralysis
Loss of spinal reflexes
Muscle becomes flaccid and atrophies if no regeneration occurs
What are the compartment of the arm divided by
skeletal muscles are grouped based on function together with their nerves and blood vessels
What are the compartments of the arm
- Flexor/anterior compartment muscles
- Extensor/posterior compartment muscles
What is apart of the flexor/anterior compartment of the arm
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
- Brachioradialis
- Coracobrachialis
Nerves - median nerve
- ulnar nerve
- musculocutaneous nerve
- radial nerve
What is in the extensor/posterior compartment of the arm
- triceps brachii
nerve - radial nerve
what separates the 2 compartments of the arm
interosseous membrane
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
What 2 muscles does the cephalic vein run in between
Deltoid and Pectoralis Major (runs on top of pectoralis major)
what muscle does the axillary artery run under
pectoralis muscle
What muscles are involved in pronation of the forearm
pronator teres
What muscles are involved in the supination of the forearm
supinator and biceps brachii (short head)
What are the wrist bones
carpals
what are the bones of the palm
metacarpals
what are the bones of the fingers
phalanges
What comprised the pectoral girdles (shoulder girdles)
the anterior clavicles and the posterior scapulae
What is the function of the pectoral girdles
they attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement
They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs
what is the name of the shoulder joint
glenohumeral joint
what does the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii travel through
intertubercular groove
What provides stability to the shoulder joint
tendon of the long head biceps brachii
What is the action of teres major
adduction of the arm
what is the main movement of latissimus dorsi
adduction of the arm
What is the main movement of the pectoralis major
flexion of the arm
At the elbow what limits extension movement
bones, ligaments and muscles
At the elbow what limits the action of flexion
muscles
