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DS1101 - S1 Y1 > Microbiology Prac + Anatomy > Flashcards

Microbiology Prac + Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What do you use to wash your hands to remove the most microorganisms

A

Chlorhexidine-based antiseptic and water
followed by water only and then a bar of soap

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2
Q

What is the structure of gram positive bacteria

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan on top of cell membrane

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3
Q

What is the structure of gram negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide and protein layer, then a thin layer of peptidoglycan then the cell membrane

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4
Q

What is used to identify different types of bacteria

A

dichotomous key

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5
Q

What is used to identify plaque on teeth

A

Plaque disclosing solution

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6
Q

What colours does the plaque disclosing solution make

A
  • pink
  • dark blue
  • aqua
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7
Q

What does pink plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

A

plaque is less than 48 hours old (new plaque)

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8
Q

What does dark blue plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

A

Plaque which is more than 48 hours old (old plaque)

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9
Q

What does Aqua plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

A

acid producing plaque - it is very acidic and aggressive plaque

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10
Q

What order do you put on PPE

A
  1. Lab coat
  2. Wash hands
  3. Mask
  4. Safety goggles
  5. Hand sanitizer
  6. Gloves
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11
Q

What colour is gram positive bacteria

A

purple

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12
Q

What colour is gram negative bacteria

A

pink

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13
Q

What is the function of iodine in gram stain test

A

Fixes the crystal violet into cell wall of bacteria

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14
Q

What causes the colour in gram stain

A

crystal violet

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15
Q

Does red mean origins or insertions

A

origins

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16
Q

Does blue mean origins or insertions

A

insertions

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17
Q

do muscles move towards origins or insertions

A

move towards origins

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18
Q

Melanocytes are responsible for pigment production are found in what layer of the epidermis

A

stratum basale

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19
Q

During which phase of bacteria growth does the population size begin to stop due to depletion of nutrients

A

stationary phase

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20
Q

Which process transforms the embryonic disc into 3 layered discs

A

gastrulation

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21
Q

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have during S2

A

92

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22
Q

The rate limiting step of glycolysis involves which enzyme

A

Phosphofructokinase

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23
Q

The rate limiting step of TCA involves which enzyme

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase (step 3)

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24
Q

What is the main bacteria cause risk in contaminated dental unit lines

A

P auruginosa

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25
Q

Which species picks up 2 carbon from acetyl CoA at the start of TCA

A

Oxaloacetate

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26
Q

What happens if alanine is placed in aq solution at pH=2

A

Both amino and carboxyl group will be protonated (acidic, like to give away H+)

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27
Q

What is the rule to identify the most likely student to have the infected candy

A

the third student before the one with a large increase in bacterial colony

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28
Q

What unwinds the DNA strand from transcription

A

RNA polymerase (II)

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29
Q

Give reasons why you would need to study microbiology as a dentist

A
  • Associations with caries, periodontal disease and other diseases and their complications
  • infection control
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30
Q

If a patient is allergic to penicillin what drug can they not have

A

Amoxicillin

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31
Q

What type of infection is cold sores

A

reactivated

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32
Q

What is the most contagious disease

A

measles

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33
Q

What are viruses typically consist of

A
  • DNA or RNA
  • capsid
  • maybe an envelope
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34
Q

What is HSV

A

Herpes

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35
Q

How is HSV transmitted

A

Contact with saliva

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36
Q

How is measles transmitted

A
  • contact with saliva
  • contact with aerosols
  • contact with fomites
    (highly contagious)
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37
Q

The depth of the periodontal pockets has decreased but there are reddened areas on his tongue and buccal mucosa. The infection is

A

Erthematous candidiasis (fungal infection)

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38
Q

What is a drug target in fungi

A
  • ergosterol - it resides on the cell membranes of fungi
  • mammalian cholesterol
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39
Q

What is homeostasis

A

set of parameters to maintain optimal body function

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40
Q

What is the primary function of signal transduction in cells

A

to convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses

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41
Q

what does post translational modification do to a protein

A

alters its function

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42
Q

Name examples of post translational modification

A
  • phosphorylation
  • methylation
  • glycosylation
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43
Q

Why are nuclear receptor ligands are usually hydrophobic

A

they have to be able to diffuse across membrane to get to receptor. Hydrophilic ligands have to bind to outside

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44
Q

What are examples of second messengers

A

cAMP

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45
Q

What enzyme is often the target of G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways

A

adenylate cyclase

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46
Q

When a K+ channel opens what happens to the cytosolic K+ concentration

A

decreases

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47
Q

What type of signaling is this

A

Paracrine

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48
Q

What type of signaling is this

A

Endocrine

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49
Q

What type of receptor is this

A

Nuclear receptor

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50
Q

What type of receptor is involved in intracellular signaling

A

nuclear receptor

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51
Q

Which domain of receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for initiating downstream signaling cascades upon ligand binding

A

intracellular kinase domain

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52
Q

What type of receptor directly activates intracellular enzymes upon ligand binding

A

enzyme linked receptors

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53
Q

What type of signaling is this

A

autocrine signaling

54
Q
A

microvilli

55
Q
A

stratified squamous (non keratinised)

56
Q
A

simple cuboidal epithelium

57
Q
A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

58
Q
A

simple columnar epithelium

59
Q
A

stratified columnar epithelium

60
Q
A

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

61
Q
A

transitional epithelium

62
Q
A

papillary layer

63
Q
A

Reticular layer

64
Q
A

stratum corneum

65
Q
A

stratum granulosum

66
Q
A

Dermal Papillae

67
Q
A

Dermis

68
Q
A

Hypodermis

69
Q
A

eccrine gland

70
Q
A

apocrine gland

71
Q
A

Sebaceous gland

72
Q

What type of microorganism

A

Bacteria

73
Q
A

Parasite

74
Q

What type of microorganism

A

Prion

75
Q

What type of microorganism

A

Fungi

76
Q

What type of microorganism

A

Viruses

77
Q

What type of microorganism

A

Parasite

78
Q
A

gram positive

79
Q

What are the characteristics of gram positive

A
  • stains purple
  • contains teichoic acid
  • large peptidoglycan layer
80
Q
A

Gram indeterminate

81
Q

What are the characteristics of gram indeterminate

A
  • mycolic acid
  • doesn’t stain
82
Q
A

Gram negative

83
Q

What are the characteristics of gram negative

A
  • 2 membranes
  • lipopolysaccharides
  • stains pink
84
Q
A

Mycoplasma

85
Q

Characteristics of Mycoplasma

A

no cell wall and is protected from osmotic pressure as they live inside other cells

86
Q

What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this

A

Transformation

87
Q

What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this

A

Transduction

88
Q

What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this

A

Conjugation

89
Q
A

Translocation

90
Q
A

endocytosis

91
Q
A

cell surface fusion

92
Q

What are the red complex bacteria

A
  • P gingivalis
  • T forsythia
  • T Denticola
93
Q

Explain ecological plaque hypothesis for periodontal disease

A

plaque accumulation
inflammatory response - increased inflammation
Environmental change - High GCF flow, higher pH, higher temperature, decrease in oxygen
Ecological shift - gram negative bacteria and obligate anaerobes

94
Q
A

infectious agent

95
Q
A

reservoir

96
Q
A

portal of exit

97
Q
A

mode of transmission

98
Q
A

Portal of entry

99
Q
A

susceptible host

100
Q

A

A

Beta - completely kills the red blood cells

101
Q

B

A

Alpha (green colour) - incomplete haemolysis produces a greenish discoloration around the colony

102
Q

C

A

Gamma haemolysis - no effect on the red cells

103
Q

What is selective media

A

chemical compounds have been added to prevent the growth of a certain microorganisms but not others (e.g. high salt concentration)

104
Q

What is differential media

A

has an indicator usually a dye added that allow differentiation of bacteria on the basis of the chemical reactions that occur during growth

105
Q

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HBV

A

0.04 uL

106
Q

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HCV

A

0.6-8 uL

107
Q

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HIV

A

100 uL

108
Q

Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HBV

A

7-30%

109
Q

Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HCV

A

1.8%

110
Q

Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HIV

A

0.3%

111
Q

What type of disease is Hep B

A

Enveloped DNA virus
affects the liver

112
Q

What type of disease is HIV and what does it target

A

Enveloped single strand RNA retrovirus
targets helper t cells

113
Q

What type of disease is pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

gram negative bacillus
opportunist pathogen

114
Q
A

ligand gated ion channels

115
Q
A

g-protein coupled receptor

116
Q
A

kinase linked receptors

117
Q
A

nuclear receptor

118
Q
A

endocrine signalling

119
Q
A

paracrine

120
Q
A

neuronal

121
Q
A

direct signaling

122
Q
A

autocrine signaling

123
Q

What type of signaling

A

endocrine signalling

124
Q

what is the threshold pH

A

5.5

125
Q

What percentage of minerals in the teeth are lost for caries to develop

A

30-40%

126
Q

1

A

resting state - resting membrane potential

127
Q

2

A

Depolarization

128
Q

3

A

repolarization

129
Q
A

epimysium

130
Q
A

Perimysium

131
Q
A

Endomysium

DS1101 - S1 Y1 (63 decks)

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