Microbiology Prac + Anatomy Flashcards
What do you use to wash your hands to remove the most microorganisms
Chlorhexidine-based antiseptic and water
followed by water only and then a bar of soap
What is the structure of gram positive bacteria
Thick layer of peptidoglycan on top of cell membrane
What is the structure of gram negative bacteria
lipopolysaccharide and protein layer, then a thin layer of peptidoglycan then the cell membrane
What is used to identify different types of bacteria
dichotomous key
What is used to identify plaque on teeth
Plaque disclosing solution
What colours does the plaque disclosing solution make
- pink
- dark blue
- aqua
What does pink plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean
plaque is less than 48 hours old (new plaque)
What does dark blue plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean
Plaque which is more than 48 hours old (old plaque)
What does Aqua plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean
acid producing plaque - it is very acidic and aggressive plaque
What order do you put on PPE
- Lab coat
- Wash hands
- Mask
- Safety goggles
- Hand sanitizer
- Gloves
What colour is gram positive bacteria
purple
What colour is gram negative bacteria
pink
What is the function of iodine in gram stain test
Fixes the crystal violet into cell wall of bacteria
What causes the colour in gram stain
crystal violet
Does red mean origins or insertions
origins
Does blue mean origins or insertions
insertions
do muscles move towards origins or insertions
move towards origins
Melanocytes are responsible for pigment production are found in what layer of the epidermis
stratum basale
During which phase of bacteria growth does the population size begin to stop due to depletion of nutrients
stationary phase
Which process transforms the embryonic disc into 3 layered discs
gastrulation
How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have during S2
92
The rate limiting step of glycolysis involves which enzyme
Phosphofructokinase
The rate limiting step of TCA involves which enzyme
isocitrate dehydrogenase (step 3)
What is the main bacteria cause risk in contaminated dental unit lines
P auruginosa
Which species picks up 2 carbon from acetyl CoA at the start of TCA
Oxaloacetate
What happens if alanine is placed in aq solution at pH=2
Both amino and carboxyl group will be protonated (acidic, like to give away H+)
What is the rule to identify the most likely student to have the infected candy
the third student before the one with a large increase in bacterial colony
What unwinds the DNA strand from transcription
RNA polymerase (II)
Give reasons why you would need to study microbiology as a dentist
- Associations with caries, periodontal disease and other diseases and their complications
- infection control
If a patient is allergic to penicillin what drug can they not have
Amoxicillin
What type of infection is cold sores
reactivated
What is the most contagious disease
measles
What are viruses typically consist of
- DNA or RNA
- capsid
- maybe an envelope
What is HSV
Herpes
How is HSV transmitted
Contact with saliva
How is measles transmitted
- contact with saliva
- contact with aerosols
- contact with fomites
(highly contagious)
The depth of the periodontal pockets has decreased but there are reddened areas on his tongue and buccal mucosa. The infection is
Erthematous candidiasis (fungal infection)
What is a drug target in fungi
- ergosterol - it resides on the cell membranes of fungi
- mammalian cholesterol
What is homeostasis
set of parameters to maintain optimal body function
What is the primary function of signal transduction in cells
to convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses
what does post translational modification do to a protein
alters its function
Name examples of post translational modification
- phosphorylation
- methylation
- glycosylation
Why are nuclear receptor ligands are usually hydrophobic
they have to be able to diffuse across membrane to get to receptor. Hydrophilic ligands have to bind to outside
What are examples of second messengers
cAMP
What enzyme is often the target of G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways
adenylate cyclase
When a K+ channel opens what happens to the cytosolic K+ concentration
decreases
What type of signaling is this
Paracrine
What type of signaling is this
Endocrine
What type of receptor is this
Nuclear receptor
What type of receptor is involved in intracellular signaling
nuclear receptor
Which domain of receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for initiating downstream signaling cascades upon ligand binding
intracellular kinase domain
What type of receptor directly activates intracellular enzymes upon ligand binding
enzyme linked receptors
What type of signaling is this
autocrine signaling
microvilli
stratified squamous (non keratinised)
simple cuboidal epithelium
stratified cuboidal epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
stratified columnar epithelium
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium
papillary layer
Reticular layer
stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
Dermal Papillae
Dermis
Hypodermis
eccrine gland
apocrine gland
Sebaceous gland
What type of microorganism
Bacteria
Parasite
What type of microorganism
Prion
What type of microorganism
Fungi
What type of microorganism
Viruses
What type of microorganism
Parasite
gram positive
What are the characteristics of gram positive
- stains purple
- contains teichoic acid
- large peptidoglycan layer
Gram indeterminate
What are the characteristics of gram indeterminate
- mycolic acid
- doesn’t stain
Gram negative
What are the characteristics of gram negative
- 2 membranes
- lipopolysaccharides
- stains pink
Mycoplasma
Characteristics of Mycoplasma
no cell wall and is protected from osmotic pressure as they live inside other cells
What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this
Transformation
What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this
Transduction
What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this
Conjugation
Translocation
endocytosis
cell surface fusion
What are the red complex bacteria
- P gingivalis
- T forsythia
- T Denticola
Explain ecological plaque hypothesis for periodontal disease
plaque accumulation
inflammatory response - increased inflammation
Environmental change - High GCF flow, higher pH, higher temperature, decrease in oxygen
Ecological shift - gram negative bacteria and obligate anaerobes
infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit
mode of transmission
Portal of entry
susceptible host
A
Beta - completely kills the red blood cells
B
Alpha (green colour) - incomplete haemolysis produces a greenish discoloration around the colony
C
Gamma haemolysis - no effect on the red cells
What is selective media
chemical compounds have been added to prevent the growth of a certain microorganisms but not others (e.g. high salt concentration)
What is differential media
has an indicator usually a dye added that allow differentiation of bacteria on the basis of the chemical reactions that occur during growth
What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HBV
0.04 uL
What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HCV
0.6-8 uL
What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HIV
100 uL
Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HBV
7-30%
Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HCV
1.8%
Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HIV
0.3%
What type of disease is Hep B
Enveloped DNA virus
affects the liver
What type of disease is HIV and what does it target
Enveloped single strand RNA retrovirus
targets helper t cells
What type of disease is pseudomonas aeruginosa
gram negative bacillus
opportunist pathogen
ligand gated ion channels
g-protein coupled receptor
kinase linked receptors
nuclear receptor
endocrine signalling
paracrine
neuronal
direct signaling
autocrine signaling
What type of signaling
endocrine signalling
what is the threshold pH
5.5
What percentage of minerals in the teeth are lost for caries to develop
30-40%
1
resting state - resting membrane potential
2
Depolarization
3
repolarization
epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
