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DS1101 - S1 Y1 > Microbiology Prac + Anatomy > Flashcards

Microbiology Prac + Anatomy Flashcards

(131 cards)

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1
Q

What do you use to wash your hands to remove the most microorganisms

A

Chlorhexidine-based antiseptic and water
followed by water only and then a bar of soap

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2
Q

What is the structure of gram positive bacteria

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan on top of cell membrane

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3
Q

What is the structure of gram negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide and protein layer, then a thin layer of peptidoglycan then the cell membrane

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4
Q

What is used to identify different types of bacteria

A

dichotomous key

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5
Q

What is used to identify plaque on teeth

A

Plaque disclosing solution

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6
Q

What colours does the plaque disclosing solution make

A
  • pink
  • dark blue
  • aqua
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7
Q

What does pink plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

A

plaque is less than 48 hours old (new plaque)

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8
Q

What does dark blue plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

A

Plaque which is more than 48 hours old (old plaque)

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9
Q

What does Aqua plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

A

acid producing plaque - it is very acidic and aggressive plaque

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10
Q

What order do you put on PPE

A
  1. Lab coat
  2. Wash hands
  3. Mask
  4. Safety goggles
  5. Hand sanitizer
  6. Gloves
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11
Q

What colour is gram positive bacteria

A

purple

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12
Q

What colour is gram negative bacteria

A

pink

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13
Q

What is the function of iodine in gram stain test

A

Fixes the crystal violet into cell wall of bacteria

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14
Q

What causes the colour in gram stain

A

crystal violet

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15
Q

Does red mean origins or insertions

A

origins

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16
Q

Does blue mean origins or insertions

A

insertions

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17
Q

do muscles move towards origins or insertions

A

move towards origins

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18
Q

Melanocytes are responsible for pigment production are found in what layer of the epidermis

A

stratum basale

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19
Q

During which phase of bacteria growth does the population size begin to stop due to depletion of nutrients

A

stationary phase

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20
Q

Which process transforms the embryonic disc into 3 layered discs

A

gastrulation

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21
Q

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have during S2

A

92

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22
Q

The rate limiting step of glycolysis involves which enzyme

A

Phosphofructokinase

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23
Q

The rate limiting step of TCA involves which enzyme

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase (step 3)

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24
Q

What is the main bacteria cause risk in contaminated dental unit lines

A

P auruginosa

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25
Which species picks up 2 carbon from acetyl CoA at the start of TCA
Oxaloacetate
26
What happens if alanine is placed in aq solution at pH=2
Both amino and carboxyl group will be protonated (acidic, like to give away H+)
27
What is the rule to identify the most likely student to have the infected candy
the third student before the one with a large increase in bacterial colony
28
What unwinds the DNA strand from transcription
RNA polymerase (II)
29
Give reasons why you would need to study microbiology as a dentist
- Associations with caries, periodontal disease and other diseases and their complications - infection control
30
If a patient is allergic to penicillin what drug can they not have
Amoxicillin
31
What type of infection is cold sores
reactivated
32
What is the most contagious disease
measles
33
What are viruses typically consist of
- DNA or RNA - capsid - maybe an envelope
34
What is HSV
Herpes
35
How is HSV transmitted
Contact with saliva
36
How is measles transmitted
- contact with saliva - contact with aerosols - contact with fomites (highly contagious)
37
The depth of the periodontal pockets has decreased but there are reddened areas on his tongue and buccal mucosa. The infection is
Erthematous candidiasis (fungal infection)
38
What is a drug target in fungi
- ergosterol - it resides on the cell membranes of fungi - mammalian cholesterol
39
What is homeostasis
set of parameters to maintain optimal body function
40
What is the primary function of signal transduction in cells
to convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses
41
what does post translational modification do to a protein
alters its function
42
Name examples of post translational modification
- phosphorylation - methylation - glycosylation
43
Why are nuclear receptor ligands are usually hydrophobic
they have to be able to diffuse across membrane to get to receptor. Hydrophilic ligands have to bind to outside
44
What are examples of second messengers
cAMP
45
What enzyme is often the target of G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways
adenylate cyclase
46
When a K+ channel opens what happens to the cytosolic K+ concentration
decreases
47
What type of signaling is this
Paracrine
48
What type of signaling is this
Endocrine
49
What type of receptor is this
Nuclear receptor
50
What type of receptor is involved in intracellular signaling
nuclear receptor
51
Which domain of receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for initiating downstream signaling cascades upon ligand binding
intracellular kinase domain
52
What type of receptor directly activates intracellular enzymes upon ligand binding
enzyme linked receptors
53
What type of signaling is this
autocrine signaling
54
microvilli
55
stratified squamous (non keratinised)
56
simple cuboidal epithelium
57
stratified cuboidal epithelium
58
simple columnar epithelium
59
stratified columnar epithelium
60
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
61
transitional epithelium
62
papillary layer
63
Reticular layer
64
stratum corneum
65
stratum granulosum
66
Dermal Papillae
67
Dermis
68
Hypodermis
69
eccrine gland
70
apocrine gland
71
Sebaceous gland
72
What type of microorganism
Bacteria
73
Parasite
74
What type of microorganism
Prion
75
What type of microorganism
Fungi
76
What type of microorganism
Viruses
77
What type of microorganism
Parasite
78
gram positive
79
What are the characteristics of gram positive
- stains purple - contains teichoic acid - large peptidoglycan layer
80
Gram indeterminate
81
What are the characteristics of gram indeterminate
- mycolic acid - doesn't stain
82
Gram negative
83
What are the characteristics of gram negative
- 2 membranes - lipopolysaccharides - stains pink
84
Mycoplasma
85
Characteristics of Mycoplasma
no cell wall and is protected from osmotic pressure as they live inside other cells
86
What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this
Transformation
87
What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this
Transduction
88
What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this
Conjugation
89
Translocation
90
endocytosis
91
cell surface fusion
92
What are the red complex bacteria
- P gingivalis - T forsythia - T Denticola
93
Explain ecological plaque hypothesis for periodontal disease
plaque accumulation inflammatory response - increased inflammation Environmental change - High GCF flow, higher pH, higher temperature, decrease in oxygen Ecological shift - gram negative bacteria and obligate anaerobes
94
infectious agent
95
reservoir
96
portal of exit
97
mode of transmission
98
Portal of entry
99
susceptible host
100
A
Beta - completely kills the red blood cells
101
B
Alpha (green colour) - incomplete haemolysis produces a greenish discoloration around the colony
102
C
Gamma haemolysis - no effect on the red cells
103
What is selective media
chemical compounds have been added to prevent the growth of a certain microorganisms but not others (e.g. high salt concentration)
104
What is differential media
has an indicator usually a dye added that allow differentiation of bacteria on the basis of the chemical reactions that occur during growth
105
What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HBV
0.04 uL
106
What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HCV
0.6-8 uL
107
What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HIV
100 uL
108
Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HBV
7-30%
109
Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HCV
1.8%
110
Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HIV
0.3%
111
What type of disease is Hep B
Enveloped DNA virus affects the liver
112
What type of disease is HIV and what does it target
Enveloped single strand RNA retrovirus targets helper t cells
113
What type of disease is pseudomonas aeruginosa
gram negative bacillus opportunist pathogen
114
ligand gated ion channels
115
g-protein coupled receptor
116
kinase linked receptors
117
nuclear receptor
118
endocrine signalling
119
paracrine
120
neuronal
121
direct signaling
122
autocrine signaling
123
What type of signaling
endocrine signalling
124
what is the threshold pH
5.5
125
What percentage of minerals in the teeth are lost for caries to develop
30-40%
126
1
resting state - resting membrane potential
127
2
Depolarization
128
3
repolarization
129
epimysium
130
Perimysium
131
Endomysium

DS1101 - S1 Y1 (63 decks)

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