Microbiology Prac + Anatomy Flashcards by Katherine w

What do you use to wash your hands to remove the most microorganisms

Chlorhexidine-based antiseptic and water
followed by water only and then a bar of soap

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What is the structure of gram positive bacteria

Thick layer of peptidoglycan on top of cell membrane

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What is the structure of gram negative bacteria

lipopolysaccharide and protein layer, then a thin layer of peptidoglycan then the cell membrane

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What is used to identify different types of bacteria

dichotomous key

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What is used to identify plaque on teeth

Plaque disclosing solution

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What colours does the plaque disclosing solution make

pink
dark blue
aqua

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What does pink plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

plaque is less than 48 hours old (new plaque)

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What does dark blue plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

Plaque which is more than 48 hours old (old plaque)

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What does Aqua plaque from plaque disclosing solution mean

acid producing plaque - it is very acidic and aggressive plaque

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What order do you put on PPE

Lab coat
Wash hands
Mask
Safety goggles
Hand sanitizer
Gloves

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What colour is gram positive bacteria

purple

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What colour is gram negative bacteria

pink

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What is the function of iodine in gram stain test

Fixes the crystal violet into cell wall of bacteria

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What causes the colour in gram stain

crystal violet

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Does red mean origins or insertions

origins

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Does blue mean origins or insertions

insertions

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do muscles move towards origins or insertions

move towards origins

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Melanocytes are responsible for pigment production are found in what layer of the epidermis

stratum basale

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During which phase of bacteria growth does the population size begin to stop due to depletion of nutrients

stationary phase

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Which process transforms the embryonic disc into 3 layered discs

gastrulation

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How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have during S2

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The rate limiting step of glycolysis involves which enzyme

Phosphofructokinase

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The rate limiting step of TCA involves which enzyme

isocitrate dehydrogenase (step 3)

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What is the main bacteria cause risk in contaminated dental unit lines

P auruginosa

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Which species picks up 2 carbon from acetyl CoA at the start of TCA

Oxaloacetate

What happens if alanine is placed in aq solution at pH=2

Both amino and carboxyl group will be protonated (acidic, like to give away H+)

What is the rule to identify the most likely student to have the infected candy

the third student before the one with a large increase in bacterial colony

What unwinds the DNA strand from transcription

RNA polymerase (II)

Give reasons why you would need to study microbiology as a dentist

- Associations with caries, periodontal disease and other diseases and their complications - infection control

If a patient is allergic to penicillin what drug can they not have

Amoxicillin

What type of infection is cold sores

reactivated

What is the most contagious disease

measles

What are viruses typically consist of

- DNA or RNA - capsid - maybe an envelope

What is HSV

Herpes

How is HSV transmitted

Contact with saliva

How is measles transmitted

- contact with saliva - contact with aerosols - contact with fomites (highly contagious)

The depth of the periodontal pockets has decreased but there are reddened areas on his tongue and buccal mucosa. The infection is

Erthematous candidiasis (fungal infection)

What is a drug target in fungi

- ergosterol - it resides on the cell membranes of fungi - mammalian cholesterol

What is homeostasis

set of parameters to maintain optimal body function

What is the primary function of signal transduction in cells

to convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses

what does post translational modification do to a protein

alters its function

Name examples of post translational modification

- phosphorylation - methylation - glycosylation

Why are nuclear receptor ligands are usually hydrophobic

they have to be able to diffuse across membrane to get to receptor. Hydrophilic ligands have to bind to outside

What are examples of second messengers

cAMP

What enzyme is often the target of G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways

adenylate cyclase

When a K+ channel opens what happens to the cytosolic K+ concentration

decreases

What type of signaling is this

Paracrine

What type of signaling is this

Endocrine

What type of receptor is this

Nuclear receptor

What type of receptor is involved in intracellular signaling

nuclear receptor

Which domain of receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for initiating downstream signaling cascades upon ligand binding

intracellular kinase domain

What type of receptor directly activates intracellular enzymes upon ligand binding

enzyme linked receptors

What type of signaling is this

autocrine signaling

microvilli

stratified squamous (non keratinised)

simple cuboidal epithelium

stratified cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

stratified columnar epithelium

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

transitional epithelium

papillary layer

Reticular layer

stratum corneum

stratum granulosum

Dermal Papillae

Dermis

Hypodermis

eccrine gland

apocrine gland

Sebaceous gland

What type of microorganism

Bacteria

Parasite

What type of microorganism

Prion

What type of microorganism

Fungi

What type of microorganism

Viruses

What type of microorganism

Parasite

gram positive

What are the characteristics of gram positive

- stains purple - contains teichoic acid - large peptidoglycan layer

Gram indeterminate

What are the characteristics of gram indeterminate

- mycolic acid - doesn't stain

Gram negative

What are the characteristics of gram negative

- 2 membranes - lipopolysaccharides - stains pink

Mycoplasma

Characteristics of Mycoplasma

no cell wall and is protected from osmotic pressure as they live inside other cells

What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this

Transformation

What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this

Transduction

What type of genetic transfer mechanisms is this

Conjugation

Translocation

endocytosis

cell surface fusion

What are the red complex bacteria

- P gingivalis - T forsythia - T Denticola

Explain ecological plaque hypothesis for periodontal disease

plaque accumulation inflammatory response - increased inflammation Environmental change - High GCF flow, higher pH, higher temperature, decrease in oxygen Ecological shift - gram negative bacteria and obligate anaerobes

infectious agent

reservoir

portal of exit

mode of transmission

Portal of entry

susceptible host

Beta - completely kills the red blood cells

Alpha (green colour) - incomplete haemolysis produces a greenish discoloration around the colony

Gamma haemolysis - no effect on the red cells

What is selective media

chemical compounds have been added to prevent the growth of a certain microorganisms but not others (e.g. high salt concentration)

What is differential media

has an indicator usually a dye added that allow differentiation of bacteria on the basis of the chemical reactions that occur during growth

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HBV

0.04 uL

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HCV

0.6-8 uL

What is the minimum volume of blood to transmit HIV

100 uL

Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HBV

7-30%

Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HCV

1.8%

Risk of infection following needlestick injury from a seropositive patient of HIV

0.3%

What type of disease is Hep B

Enveloped DNA virus affects the liver

What type of disease is HIV and what does it target

Enveloped single strand RNA retrovirus targets helper t cells

What type of disease is pseudomonas aeruginosa

gram negative bacillus opportunist pathogen

ligand gated ion channels

g-protein coupled receptor

kinase linked receptors

nuclear receptor

endocrine signalling

paracrine

neuronal

direct signaling

autocrine signaling

What type of signaling

endocrine signalling

what is the threshold pH

5.5

What percentage of minerals in the teeth are lost for caries to develop

30-40%

resting state - resting membrane potential

Depolarization

repolarization

epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium