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DS1101 - S1 Y1 > biology prac > Flashcards

biology prac Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What are the components of DNA

A

phosphate , deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines

A

Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

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4
Q

What nitrogen bases are purines

A

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

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5
Q

What are pyrimidine nitrogenous bases

A

single ring 6 atoms

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6
Q

what are purines

A

double ring (9 atoms)

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7
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase I

A

rRNA synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase II

A

mRNA synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase III

A

tRNA synthesis

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10
Q

what are some environmental factors that can contribute to cancer

A
  • diet
  • smoking
  • drinking
  • exercise
  • mental health
  • radiation
  • chemical agents
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11
Q

What has caused the changes between cell A and cell B

A

Cell A – DNA repair mechanisms are working
Cell B – DNA repair mechanisms are broken

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12
Q

How many cells are required to give rise to cancer

A

1

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13
Q

What genetic changes lead to the development of cancer, and what other factors may be involved?

A

Gain of function mutation in protooncogenes
Loss of function mutation in tumour suppressor genes

These mutations lead to a loss of control of the cell cycle

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14
Q

Name + function

A

Helicase - unwinds the parental double helix

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15
Q

Name + function

A

Single strand binding protein - stabilize the unwound template strands

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16
Q

Name + function

A

leading strand - is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction by DNA polymerase III

17
Q

Name + function

A

Primase - begins synthesis of the RNA primer

18
Q

Name + function

A

DNA polymerase III - synthesizing DNA

19
Q

Name + function

A

DNA polymerize I - removed the primer from the 5’ end and replaces it with DNA nucleotides

20
Q

Name + function

A

DNA ligase - joints the 3’ end of the second DNA fragments to the 5’ of the first fragment

21
Q

What is mRNA

A

messenger RNA and is used in translation to synthesize protein

22
Q

what is tRNA

A

transfer RNA brings the corresponding amino acid in the ribosome during transcription

23
Q

What is rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA comprises the ribosome

24
Q

What are transcription regulation methods

A
  • Transcription factors (promoter, enhancer, silencer)
  • Chromatin packaging - Methylation and acetylation
  • Epigenetics modifications
25
Q

What are translation regulation methods

A
  • Transcription regulation
  • RNA degradation – half life, miRNA, siRNA,
  • Translation factors
  • Post translation modification – ubiquitination
26
Q
A

CAP site

27
Q
A

Promoter

28
Q
A

Operator

29
Q
A

Lac repressor protein

30
Q
A

RNA polymerase II

31
Q
A

CAP - Catabolite activator protein

32
Q
A

cAMP

33
Q
A

Allolactose

34
Q

What factors may help determine whether a cell proceeds tot he S phase - passing G1 checkpoint

A
  • growth factors activated
  • sufficient number of organelles
  • no TGFB proliferation inhibitor
  • sufficient ATP present
35
Q

What occurs in metaphase

A

the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in the middle of the cell and the centrosomes are now at opposite ends of the cell. The chromosomes are now attached to a centrosome at opposite ends of the spindle.

36
Q

What occurs in anaphase

A

The cohesion proteins binding the 2 daughter chromosomes are cleaved allowing them to move independently towards opposite spindle poles  sister chromatids separate

37
Q

What are the 2 main events that happens during telophase

A

Chromosomes de-condensation – 2 daughter nuclei form in the cell as the chromosomes become less condensed
Cytokinesis – the cytoplasm and organelles are divided resulting in the splitting of 2 daughter cells.

38
Q

What happens to the chromosomes during prophase. Why is this important for cell division

A

Spindles form from centrosomes, and chromosomes condense. The condensation is important to ensure that during anaphase the cells genome is perfectly split and the correct genome is equally distributed between the daughter cells. This prevents the formation of genetic disorders.

39
Q

What are the 2 phases of cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitotic phase

DS1101 - S1 Y1 (63 decks)

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