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BDS3 Head and neck anatomy > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the frontal from the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

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2
Q

where is the motor cortex

A

pre central girus

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3
Q

where is the somatosensory cortex

A

post central girus

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4
Q

what separates the occipital from the parietal lobe

A

parietal occipital sulcus

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5
Q

what separates the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes

A

lateral sulcus

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6
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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7
Q

where is speech produced

A

brocus area

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8
Q

where is speech understood

A

audicus area

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9
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated axons, transmission tissue

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10
Q

what is grey matter

A

unmyelinated cell bodies, thinking tissue

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11
Q

what dips into the transverse fissure

A

the tentorium cerebeli

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12
Q

what do ventricles contain

A

CSF

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13
Q

what is the lateral ventricle called

A

hypocampus

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14
Q

what do association fibres allow

A

impulses to go from front to back

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15
Q

what does the internal capsule allow

A

projection capsule, brings info up and down

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16
Q

what is a fornex

A

white fibre (axon tract) which connects multiple limbic nuclei together

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17
Q

what is the corpus callosum made up of

A

commisual fibres (transmission from left to right hemispheres)

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18
Q

what is the thalamus composed of

A

lots of nuceli, relay station for information, intermediate mass between the 2 thalamus (one in each hemisphere)

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19
Q

what do mamillary bodies do

A

play a role in smell

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20
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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21
Q

what are the 3 parts to the diancephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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22
Q

what happens at the pyramids of medulla

A

descending motor fibres cross

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23
Q

What is the clinical term for a stroke

A

cerebrovascular accident

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24
Q

If a patient had a stroke in their right internal capsule what would their face look like

A
  • paralysed left face (apart from eyelid and forehead)
  • paralysed left upper and lower limb
  • tongue moves slightly to the left
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25
Q

where is the thalamus

A

grey matter deep in the brain at the midline called the dicencephalon

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26
Q

what happens at the thalamus

A

relay station on the sensory pathways where the 3rd order sensory neurons are

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27
Q

what are the 4 basal ganglia

A
  • lentiform nucleus
  • caudate nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • subthalamus
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28
Q

which of the basal ganglia has the role to smooth out muscle contractions

A

lentiform nucleus

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29
Q

what does the lentiform nucleus do

A

smooth out muscle contractions

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30
Q

where is the internal capsule

A

in between the lentiform nucleus and thalamus

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31
Q

what happens in the internal capsule

A

the corticospinal pathway and corticonuclear tracts converge

32
Q

is the internal capsule white or grey matter

A

white

33
Q

what is the corona radiata

A

white matter further up from the internal capsule

34
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

tells brain what is happening on the other side

35
Q

Describe the corticospinal pathway

A

Thousands of axons coming from these cells in the motor cortex for the upper and lower limb.

  • they come from the corona radiata and converge in the internal capsule
  • the corticospinal tract comes down and through the midbrain, the pons and medulla
  • when it reaches the motor decussation at the bottom of the medulla, the fibres cross over
  • they carry on until they meet the motor neurons they are going to synapse with to make the muscles in the limbs of the trunk contract
36
Q

Which of the cranial nerves supply muscles (really important)

A 
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
37
Q

what muscle(s) does CN3 supply

A

extraocular muscles

38
Q

what muscle(s) does CN4 supply

A

superior oblique muscle

39
Q

what muscle(s) does CN5 supply

A

muscles of mastication (and others)

40
Q

what muscle(s) does CN6 supply

A

lateral rectus muscle

41
Q

what muscle(s) does CN7 supply

A

muscles of facial expression (and others)

42
Q

what muscle(s) does CN9 supply

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

43
Q

what muscle(s) does CN10 supply

A

muscles of pharynx and larynx

44
Q

what muscle(s) does CN11 supply

A

(CN) - pharynx and larynx

(spinal) - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

45
Q

what muscle(s) does CN12 supply

A

muscles of the tongue

46
Q

what are the two different kinds of nuclei from which the cell bodies of the motor neurons for the cranial nerves are found

A
  • those which supply muscles formed by somites

- those which supply muscles formed by pharyngeal arches

47
Q

what are somites

A

blocks of nerves on either side of the developing system

48
Q

what are pharyngeal arches

A

arches in the embryo which give rise to certain muscles

49
Q

what nerve supplies muscles derived from the 1st pharyngeal arch

A

CN5

50
Q

what nerve supplies muscles derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

A

CN7

51
Q

What nerve supplies muscles derived from the 3rd pharyngeal arch

A

CN9

52
Q

What nerve supplies muscles derived from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

A

CN10

53
Q

the trigeminal nerve supplies muscles from which pharyngeal arch

A

1st

54
Q

the facial nerve supplies muscles from which pharyngeal arch

A

2nd

55
Q

the glossopharyngeal supplies a muscle from which pharyngeal arch

A

3rd

56
Q

the vagus nerve supplies muscles from which pharyngeal arches

A

4th and 6th

57
Q

is there a 5th pharyngeal arch

A

kind of, it’s rudimentary (ignore it)

58
Q

where are the neurons which supply muscles from somites in relation to the midline

A

near the midline

59
Q

where are the neurones which supply muscles from pharyngeal arches in relation to the midline

A

out to the side

60
Q

what cranial nerves share the nucleus ambiguus

A

9th, 10th and 11th

61
Q

what nuclei are in the midbrain

A
  • occulomotor nucleus

- trochlear nucleus

62
Q

what nuclei are in the pons

A
  • trigeminal motor nucleus
  • abducens nucleus
  • facial nucleus
63
Q

what nuclei are in the medulla

A
  • nucleus ambiguus

- hypoglossal nucleus

64
Q

how does the pathway for spinal nerves differ from the pathway for cranial nerves

A
  • spinal nerves all cross over (nothing from the same side)

- cranial nerves fibres go to all nuclei on the opposite side BUT also to most of the nueclei on the same side

65
Q

what is the type of input for cranial nerves called

A

bilateral input

66
Q

what are the exceptions to the general pathway for cranial nerves

A
  • Facial nerve

- Hypoglossal nerve

67
Q

How does the facial nerve differ from the general cranial nerve pathway

A

Bilateral input to the opposite side and ONLY to the upper most part of the face on the same side (i.e. motor neurons for the lower face only receive from the opposite side)

68
Q

How does the hypoglossal nerve differ from the general cranial nerve pathway

A

input is only to the opposite side

69
Q

Explain why someone who has a stroke in their right internal capsule has a paralysed lower left face, upper and lower left limb and their tongue points to the left but everything else works

A

Most of the motor nuclei recieve input from both motor cortexes (right and left) so if one pathway is damaged the muscles will still be able to work as the other pathway also supplies the nuclei and is able to therefore keep those muscles working.

Motor neurons for the lower face and tongue only recieve input from the opposite motor cortex so if you have damage to one side you get a paralysed tongue and lower face.

70
Q

What arteries supply the cerebellum

A
  • Superior cerebral artery
  • anterior inferior artery
  • posterior inferior artery
71
Q

what artery is continuous with the internal carotid artery

A

middle cerebral artery

72
Q

what is the tortuous course of the internal carotid artery designed to do

A

smooth out the waves of the pulse

73
Q

Blockage at different points in the cerebral circulation result in different groups of symptoms. What are these known as

A

stroke syndromes

74
Q

what are the vessels visible further up in the brain along the falx cerebri in the midline

A

veins, moving upwards to drain into the saggital sinus

75
Q

where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity

A

through the carotid canal in the temporal bone

76
Q

what arteries branch from the basilar artery

A
  • anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
  • superior cerebellar arteries
  • posterior cerebral arteries
77
Q

what is the pathway of the right and left vertebral arteries

A
  • right much bigger than left
  • curve round the axis (C2 vertebra)
  • enter the foramen magnum

BDS3 Head and neck anatomy (19 decks)

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